Media and fermentation methods for producing polysaccharides in bacterial cell culture

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to media and fermentation methods for producing polysaccharides in bacterial cell culture. In one aspect, the invention relates to a complex culture medium comprising a vegetable hydrolysate, a yeast extract, and a carbon source. In another aspect, the invention relates to a defined media having a total amino acid concentration greater than about 50 mM. A further aspect of the invention relates to the use of fed batch and perfusion fermentation methods for cultivating polysaccharide-producing bacteria.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to media and fermentation methods forproducing polysaccharides in bacterial cell culture. In one aspect, theinvention relates to a complex culture medium comprising a vegetablehydrolysate, a yeast extract, and a carbon source. In another aspect,the invention relates to a defined media having a total amino acidconcentration greater than about 50 mM. A further aspect of theinvention relates to the use of fed batch and perfusion fermentationmethods for cultivating polysaccharide-producing bacteria.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A cell surface polysaccharide refers to a polysaccharide having at leasta portion located on the outermost bacterial cell membrane or bacterialcell surface, including the peptidoglycan layer, cell wall, and capsule.Cell surface polysaccharides, particularly capsular polysaccharides,have become increasingly important as therapeutic agents. Typically, acell surface polysaccharide is associated with inducing an immuneresponse in vivo. Some examples of polysaccharide vaccines includePNEUMOVAX® 23, which is a 23-valent vaccine for the prevention ofinvasive disease, such as pneumonia, febrile bacteraemia, andmeningitis, caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae; MENCEVAX®, which is aquadrivalent vaccine for the prevention of invasive disease caused byNeisseria meningitidis; TYPHERIX® and TYPHIM VI®, both of which preventtyphoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi Vi.

Although polysaccharides are immunogenic on their own, conjugation ofpolysaccharides to protein carriers has been used to improveimmunogenicity, particularly in infants and the elderly. The chemicalbonding of the polysaccharide and protein carrier induces an immuneresponse against bacteria displaying the polysaccharide contained withinthe vaccine on their surface, thus preventing disease. Accordingly,vaccination using polysaccharides from pathogenic bacteria is apotential strategy for boosting host immunity.

There are several polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines currentlyavailable and several more under development to address unmettherapeutic areas in need. For instance, there are three pneumococcalconjugate vaccines used to protect against invasive pneumococcal diseaseavailable on the global market: PREVNAR® (called PREVENAR® in somecountries) (heptavalent vaccine), SYNFLORIX® (a decavalent vaccine), andPREVNAR 13® (tridecavalent vaccine). MENINGITEC®, MENJUGATE®, andNEISVAC-C® are meningococcal serogroup C conjugate vaccines whileMENVEO®, MENACTRA®, and NIMENRIX® are quadrivalent meningococcalconjugate vaccines that protect against N. meningitidis serogroups A, C,Y, and W-135. HIBERIX® prevents against disease caused by Haemophilusinfluenzae type b.

Individual monovalent polysaccharide-protein conjugates of Streptococcusagalactiae, also known as Group B Streptococcus (GBS), serotypes Ia, Ib,II, III, and V have been evaluated in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials innon-pregnant adults (Brigtsen, A. K., et al., Journal of InfectiousDiseases, 185(9):1277-1284 (2002); Baker, C. J., et al., J. Infect.Dis., 188(1):66-73 (2003); Baker, C. J., et al., J. Infect. Dis.,189(6):1103-1112 (2004); Baker, C. J., et al., Vaccine, 25(1):55-63(2007)). Bivalent II-TT and III-TT glycoconjugate vaccines and atrivalent vaccine comprising Ia-CRM₁₉₇, Ib-CRM₁₉₇ and III-CRM₁₉₇glycoconjugates have also been studied (Baker JID 2003; Clicaltrials.govNCT01193920, NCT01412801, and NCT01446289). However, no GBS vaccineshave yet been approved.

A vaccine comprising capsular polysaccharide-protein conjugates is alsobeing developed to prevent surgical site infections caused byStaphylococcus aureus (Anderson, A. S., et al., Hum. Vaccin.Immunother., 8(11):1585-1594 (2012)).

Accordingly, there is a need for the development of improved systems forproducing polysaccharides by bacterial cell culture.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

To meet these and other needs, the present invention relates to mediaand fermentation methods for producing polysaccharides in bacterial cellculture and includes the invention disclosed in U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/256,347, filed Nov. 17, 2015, the entirety of whichis hereby incorporated by reference. The following clauses describe someaspects and embodiments of the invention.

One aspect of the invention relates to a polysaccharide-producingbacterial cell culture medium comprising a vegetable hydrolysate, ayeast extract, and a carbon source. In one embodiment, the vegetablehydrolysate may be a soy hydrolysate, such as HYPEP 1510 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HYPEP 4601 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYPEP 5603(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), AMI-SOY(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),N-Z-SOY BL4 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY BL7 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), SHEFTONE D (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), SE50M, SE50MK,soy peptone, BACTO Soytone (Difco Laboratories Inc.), NUTRISOY 2207(Archer Daniels Midland Company (ADM)), NUTRISOY (ADM), NUTRISOY FLOUR(ADM), or soybean meal. In another embodiment, the concentration of thesoy hydrolysate may be between about 5 g/L and about 75 g/L, such asbetween about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L, or about 28 g/L.

In a further embodiment, the yeast extract may be a yeast autolysate, anultrafiltered yeast extract, or a synthetic yeast extract. In aparticular embodiment, the yeast extract is an ultrafiltered yeastextract, such as AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient Technologies Corp.), BD DIFCO(BD Biosciences), HYPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 412(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 441 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),HY-YEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 455 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HY-YEST 504 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), or ULTRAPEP YE(Kerry Group Services Ltd.). In yet another embodiment, theconcentration of yeast extract is between about 1 g/L to about 50 g/L,such as between about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L, or about 10 g/L.

In one embodiment, the carbon source may be glucose, dextrose, mannitol,lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, raffinose, xylose, or mannose. Ina particular embodiment, the carbon source is glucose. In a furtherembodiment, the concentration of the carbon source is between about 25g/L to about 100 g/L, such as between about 50 g/L to about 90 g/L, orabout 80 g/L.

In one embodiment, the medium further comprises a phosphate-containingingredient, such as Na₂HPO₄, K₂HPO₄ or KH₂PO₄.

In another embodiment, the medium further comprises at least one aminoacid, vitamin, nucleoside, or inorganic salt.

Another aspect of the invention relates to a chemically-definedpolysaccharide-producing bacterial cell culture medium having a totalamino acid concentration greater than about 50 mM. In one embodiment,the medium comprises a total glycine concentration of between about 1.5mM and about 60.0 mM, such as between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, orabout 7.5 mM. In another embodiment, the medium comprises a totalarginine concentration of between about 1.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, suchas between about 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, or about 4.0 mM. In a furtherembodiment, the medium comprises a total cysteine concentration ofbetween about 0.1 mM and about 5.0 mM, such as between about 0.1 mM andabout 3.5 mM, or about 0.4 mM. In yet another embodiment, the mediumcomprises a total serine concentration of between about 5.0 mM and about75.0 mM, such as between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, or about 7.5mM. In another embodiment, the medium comprises a total glutamineconcentration of between about 1.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, such as betweenabout 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, or about 4.0 mM. In a furtherembodiment, the medium comprises a total concentration of tyrosine ofbetween about 0.1 mM and about 5.0 mM, such as between about 1.0 mM andabout 3.5 mM, or between about 2.9 mM and about 3.0 mM. In yet anotherembodiment, the medium comprises a total concentration of asparagine ofbetween about 5.0 mM and about 50.0 mM, such as between about 10.0 mMand about 30.0 mM, or about 20.0 mM. In a particular embodiment, themedium does not contain asparagine.

In one embodiment, the medium further comprises a potassium salt, suchas potassium chloride or potassium sulfate. In an embodiment, the totalconcentration of potassium salt is between about 0.1 g/L and about 25g/L, such as between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, or about 0.9 g/L.

In one embodiment, the medium further comprises a carbon source, such asglucose, dextrose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose,raffinose, xylose, or mannose. In a particular embodiment, the carbonsource is glucose. In an embodiment, the total concentration of thecarbon source may be between about 25 g/L and about 100 g/L, such asbetween about 25 g/L and about 80 g/L, or about 50 g/L.

In one embodiment, the medium further comprises sodium bicarbonate. Inan embodiment, the concentration of sodium bicarbonate may be betweenabout 0.1 g/L and about 20 g/L, such as between about 0.5 g/L and about1.0 g/L, or about 0.84 g/L.

In one embodiment, the medium further comprises a yeast extract, such asa yeast autolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract, or a synthetic yeastextract. In a particular embodiment, the yeast extract is anultrafiltered yeast extract, such as AMBERFERM 5902 (SensientTechnologies Corp.), BD DIFCO (BD Biosciences), HYPEP YE (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HY-YEST 412 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 441(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),HY-YEST 455 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 504 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), or ULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.). In a furtherembodiment, the concentration of yeast extract is between about 1 g/L toabout 50 g/L, such as between about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L, or about 10g/L.

In a particular embodiment, the medium comprises at least about 50 mM ofamino acids, a potassium salt, a carbon source, and optionally, a yeastextract.

In another embodiment, the medium comprises at least about 50 mM ofamino acids, between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM of glycine, betweenabout 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L of a potassium salt, between about 25g/L and about 100 g/L of a carbon source, and between about 5 g/L toabout 25 g/L of a yeast extract.

In a further embodiment, the medium comprises at least about 60 mM ofamino acids, about 7.5 mM of glycine, about 0.9 g/L of potassiumchloride, 50 g/L of glucose, and about 10 g/L of an ultrafiltered yeastextract.

A further aspect of the invention relates to a method of cultivating apolysaccharide-producing bacteria comprising a) adding a medium of theinvention to a bioreactor, b) seeding the medium with apolysaccharide-producing bacteria, and c) cultivating the bacteria byfermentation, wherein said cultivation comprises the addition of anutrient at a constant rate to the medium. In one embodiment, thenutrient is a carbon source, such as glucose. In one embodiment, thecultivation is carried out until the bacteria have a cell density, asdetermined by optical density (OD) at 600 nm, of at least 9.0. Inanother embodiment, the cultivated bacteria have a cell density, asdetermined by OD at 600 nm, of at least 9.0. In another embodiment, thecultivation is carried out until the bacteria have a polysaccharideconcentration of at least about 250 mg/L. In another embodiment, thecultivated bacteria have a polysaccharide concentration of at leastabout 250 mg/L. In a further embodiment, the polysaccharide-producingbacteria is selected from the group consisting of Streptococcusagalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseriameningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilusinfluenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, andEnterococcus faecalis.

Yet another aspect of the invention relates to a method of cultivating apolysaccharide-producing bacteria comprising a) adding a medium asdescribed above to a bioreactor, b) seeding the medium with apolysaccharide-producing bacteria, and c) cultivating the bacteria byperfusion, wherein the cultivation comprises (i) removing spent mediumfrom the culture, (ii) adding fresh medium, and (iii) retaining thebacteria. In one embodiment, the rate of perfusion is between about 0.07volumes of feed per starting culture volume per hour (VVH) to about 2.00VVH, such as between about 0.67 VVH to about 1.33 VVH, or about 1.20VVH. In another embodiment, the rate of perfusion is varied. Forinstance, in one embodiment the perfusion starts at a first rate and therate is increased to a second rate. In another embodiment, the perfusionstarts at a first rate and the rate is decreased to a second rate.

In one embodiment, the duration of perfusion is between about 1 hour andabout 15 hours, such as between about 1 hour and about 10 hours, orabout 7 hours.

In another embodiment, the cell growth of the cultivated bacteria is atleast 2-fold greater than the cell growth in a batch fermentationsystem. In one embodiment, the cultivation is carried out until thebacteria have a cell density, as determined by OD at 600 nm, of at least20.0. In a further embodiment, the cultivated bacteria have a celldensity, as determined by OD at 600 nm, of at least 20.0. In yet anotherembodiment, the cultivation is carried out until the bacteria have apolysaccharide concentration of at least about 600 mg/L. In yet anotherembodiment, the cultivated bacteria have a polysaccharide concentrationof at least about 600 mg/L.

In a further embodiment, the polysaccharide-producing bacteria isselected from the group consisting of Streptococcus agalactiae,Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitidis,Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiellapneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides media and methods for producingpolysaccharides by bacterial cell culture. In particular, the inventionprovides systems that maximize capsular polysaccharide production ofencapsulated bacteria.

Before the present composition and methods are described, it is to beunderstood that this invention is not limited to particular methods andexperimental conditions described, as such methods and conditions mayvary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein isfor purposes of describing particular embodiments only and is notintended to be limiting.

Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to thosedescribed herein can be used in the practice or testing of theinvention, the preferred methods and materials are now described. Allpublications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

The terms used herein have the meanings recognized and known to those ofskill in the art, however, for convenience and completeness, particularterms and their meanings are set forth below and throughout thespecification.

As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singularforms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless the contextclearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, references to “themethod” includes one or more methods, and/or steps of the type describedherein and/or which will become apparent to those persons skilled in theart upon reading this disclosure and so forth.

The term “about” or “approximately” means within a statisticallymeaningful range of a value. Such a range can be within an order ofmagnitude, typically within 20%, more typically still within 10%, andeven more typically within 5% of a given value or range. The allowablevariation encompassed by the term “about” or “approximately” depends onthe particular system under study, and can be readily appreciated by oneof ordinary skill in the art. Whenever a range is recited within thisapplication, every whole number integer within the range is alsocontemplated as an embodiment of the invention.

The term “batch culture” as used herein refers to a method of culturingcells in which all the components that will ultimately be used inculturing the cells, including the medium as well as the cellsthemselves, are provided at the beginning of the culturing process. Abatch culture is typically stopped at some point and the cells and/orcomponents in the medium are harvested and optionally purified.

The term “bioreactor” as used herein refers to any vessel used for thegrowth of a bacterial cell culture. The bioreactor can be of any size solong as it is useful for the culturing of bacterial cells. Typically,the bioreactor will be at least 1 liter and may be 10; 50; 100; 250;500; 1,000; 2,500; 5,000; 8,000; 10,000; 12,000 liters or more, or anyvolume in between. The internal conditions of the bioreactor, including,but not limited to pH and temperature, are typically controlled duringthe culturing period. The bioreactor can be composed of any materialthat is suitable for holding bacterial cell cultures suspended in mediaunder the culture conditions of the present invention, including glass,plastic or metal. The term “production bioreactor” as used herein refersto the final bioreactor used in the production of the polysaccharide ofinterest. The volume of the large-scale cell culture productionbioreactor is typically at least 500 liters and may be 1,000; 2,500;5,000; 8,000; 10,000; 12,0000 liters or more, or any volume in between.One of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of and will be able tochoose suitable bioreactors for use in practicing the present invention.

The term “capsular polysaccharide” or “capsule polysaccharide” refers toa glycopolymer that includes repeating units of one or moremonosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. A capsular polysaccharidetypically forms a capsule-like layer around a bacterial cell.

The term “cell density” as used herein refers to that number of cellspresent in a given volume of medium.

The term “cell viability” as used herein refers to the ability of cellsin culture to survive under a given set of culture conditions orexperimental variations. The term as used herein also refers to thatportion of cells which are alive at a particular time in relation to thetotal number of cells, living and dead, in the culture at that time.

Terms such as “comprises”, “comprised”, “comprising”, “contains”,“containing” and the like can have the meaning attributed to them inU.S. patent law; e.g., they can mean “includes”, “included”, “including”and the like. Such terms refer to the inclusion of a particularingredients or set of ingredients without excluding any otheringredients.

The terms “consists of” and “consisting of” have the meaning ascribed tothem in U.S. patent law; namely, that these terms are close-ended.Accordingly, these terms refer to the inclusion of a particularingredient or set of ingredients and the exclusion of all otheringredients.

Terms such as “consisting essentially of” and “consists essentially of”have the meaning attributed to them in U.S. patent law, e.g., they allowfor the inclusion of additional ingredients or steps that do not detractfrom the novel or basic characteristics of the invention, i.e., theyexclude additional unrecited ingredients or steps that detract fromnovel or basic characteristics of the invention, and they excludeingredients or steps of the prior art, such as documents in the art thatare cited herein or are incorporated by reference herein, especially asit is a goal of this document to define embodiments that are patentable,e.g., novel, non-obvious, inventive, over the prior art, e.g., overdocuments cited herein or incorporated by reference herein.

The terms “culture”, “cell culture” and “bacterial cell culture” as usedherein refer to a bacterial cell population that is suspended in amedium under conditions suitable to survival and/or growth of the cellpopulation. As will be clear to those of ordinary skill in the art,these terms as used herein may refer to the combination comprising thebacterial cell population and the medium in which the population issuspended.

The term “disaccharide” as used herein refers to a polysaccharidecomposed of two monosaccharide units or moieties linked together by aglycosidic bond.

The term “fed-batch culture” as used herein refers to a method ofculturing cells in which additional components are provided to theculture at some time subsequent to the beginning of the culture process.The provided components typically comprise nutritional supplements forthe cells which have been depleted during the culturing process. Afed-batch culture is typically stopped at some point and the cellsand/or components in the medium are harvested and optionally purified.

These terms “medium”, “cell culture medium”, “bacterial culture medium”,and “culture medium” as used herein refer to a solution containingnutrients which nourish growing bacterial cells. Typically, thesesolutions provide essential and non-essential amino acids, vitamins,energy sources, lipids, and trace elements required by the cell forminimal growth and/or survival. The solution may also contain componentsthat enhance growth and/or survival above the minimal rate, includinghormones and growth factors. The solution is preferably formulated to apH and salt concentration optimal for cell survival and proliferation.The medium may also be a “defined media”—a serum-free media thatcontains no proteins, hydrolysates or components of unknown composition.Defined media are free of animal-derived components and all componentshave a known chemical structure.

The term “metabolic waste product” as used herein refers to compoundsproduced by the cell culture as a result of normal or non-normalmetabolic processes that are in some way detrimental to the cellculture, particularly in relation to the production of the capsularpolysaccharide. For example, the metabolic waste products may bedetrimental to the growth or viability of the cell culture or maydecrease the amount of capsular polysaccharide produced. Exemplarymetabolic waste products include lactate, which is produced as a resultof glucose metabolism, and ammonium, which is produced as a result ofglutamine metabolism. One goal of the present invention is to slowproduction of, reduce or even eliminate metabolic waste products inbacterial cell cultures.

A “monosaccharide” as used herein refers to a single sugar residue in anoligosaccharide.

An “oligosaccharide” as used herein refers to a compound containing twoor more monosaccharide units or moieties. Within the context of anoligosaccharide, an individual monomer unit or moiety is amonosaccharide which is, or can be, bound through a hydroxyl group toanother monosaccharide unit or moiety. Oligosaccharides can be preparedby either chemical synthesis from protected single residue sugars or bychemical degradation of biologically produced polysaccharides.Alternatively, oligosaccharides may be prepared by in vitro enzymaticmethods.

The term “perfusion culture” as used herein refers to a method ofculturing cells in which additional components are provided continuouslyor semi-continuously to the culture subsequent to the beginning of theculture process. The provided components typically comprise nutritionalsupplements for the cells which have been depleted during the culturingprocess. A portion of the cells and/or components in the medium, such asmetabolic waste products, are typically harvested on a continuous orsemi-continuous basis and are optionally purified.

The term “polysaccharide” (PS) refers to a linear or branched polymer ofat least 5 monosaccharide units or moieties. For clarity, larger numberof repeating units, wherein n is greater than about 5, such as greaterthan about 10, will be referred to herein as a polysaccharide.

As used herein, the term “saccharide” refers to a single sugar moiety ormonosaccharide unit as well as combinations of two or more single sugarmoieties or monosaccharide units covalently linked to formdisaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. The term“saccharide” may be used interchangeably with the term “carbohydrate.”

The term “seeding” as used herein refers to the process of providing acell culture to a bioreactor or another vessel. The cells may have beenpropagated previously in another bioreactor or vessel. Alternatively,the cells may have been frozen and thawed immediately prior to providingthem to the bioreactor or vessel. The term refers to any number ofcells, including a single cell.

The term “titer” as used herein refers to the total amount ofpolysaccharide produced by a bacterial cell culture divided by a givenamount of medium volume. Titer is typically expressed in units ofmilligrams of polysaccharide per liter of medium.

The terms “vaccine” or “vaccine composition”, which are usedinterchangeably, refer to pharmaceutical compositions comprising atleast one immunogenic composition that induces an immune response in ananimal.

Bacteria

Any bacteria having a cell wall polysaccharide may be utilized inaccordance with the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, thebacteria are encapsulated bacteria. Non-limiting examples ofencapsulated bacteria that may be used in accordance with the presentinvention include Streptococcus species, such as S. agalactiae and S.pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichiacoli, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis. In a more preferredembodiment, the bacteria have fastidious growth requirements. Fastidiousbacteria include, but are not limited to, Streptococcus species (e.g. S.agalactiae and S. pneumoniae).

There are ten different serotypes of S. agalactiae, also known as GroupB Streptococcus (GBS), any of which may be used in the presentinvention. Those serotypes include Ia, Ib, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII,VIII, and IX. All GBS capsular polysaccharides have a branched repeatstructure with a terminal α2-3-linked sialic acid that is required forbacterial virulence. Some examples of GBS strains contemplated for usein the present invention include, but are not limited to, 090, A909(ATCC Accession No. BAA-1138), 515 (ATCC Accession No. BAA-1177), B523,CJB524, MB 4052 (ATCC Accession No. 31574), H36B (ATCC Accession No.12401), S40, S42, MB 4053 (ATCC Accession No. 31575), M709, 133, 7357,PFEGBST0267, MB 4055 (ATCC Accession No. 31576), 18RS21 (ATCC AccessionNo. BAA-1175), S16, S20, V8 (ATCC Accession No. 12973), DK21, DK23, UAB,5401, PFEGBST0708, MB 4082 (ATCC Accession No. 31577), M132, 110, M781(ATCC Accession No. BAA-22), D136C(3) (ATCC Accession No. 12403), M782,S23, 120, MB 4316 (M-732; ATCC Accession No. 31475), M132, K79, COH1(ATCC Accession No. BAA-1176), PFEGBST0563, 3139 (ATCC Accession No.49446), CZ-NI-016, PFEGBST0961, 1169-NT1, CJB111(ATCC Accession No.BAA-23), CJB112, 2603 V/R (ATCC Accession No. BAA-611), NCTC 10/81,CJ11, PFEGBST0837, 118754, 114852, 114862, 114866, 118775, B 4589, B4645, SS1214, CZ-PW-119, 7271, CZ-PW-045, JM9130013, JM9130672,IT-NI-016, IT-PW-62, and IT-PW-64.

There are more than 90 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae, any ofwhich are contemplated for use in the present invention. Examplesinclude, but are not limited to, serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7A,7C, 7F, 8, 9N, 9L, 9V, 10A, 10B, 11A, 11F, 12A, 12F, 14, 15A, 15B, 15C,17A, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23A, 23B, 23F, 24F, 33F 35, 38, 39,40, and 42. For example in one embodiment, S. pneumoniae serotypes 8,10A, 11A, 12F, 15B, 22F or 33F may be used in the present invention. Inanother embodiment, S. pneumoniae serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V,14, 18C, 19A, 19F and 23F may be used in the present invention.

Similarly, any encapsulated strain of S. aureus may be used in thepresent invention. Preferably, S. aureus strains producing serotype 5 or8 capsular polysaccharides, such as Reynolds, Becker, Newman, PS80,JL278, and JL812, are contemplated.

Any strain of N. meningitidis serogroups A, C, Y, and W-135 may be usedin the present invention.

Any strain of E. coli may be used in the present invention.

Any strain of S. typhi Vi may be used in the present invention.

Any strain of H. influenza type b may be used in the present invention.

Any strain of K. pneumoniae may be used in the present invention.

E. faecalis may be used in the present invention.

Exemplary strains of E. faecium that may be used in the presentinvention include those listed in Table 1.

TABLE Strains of E. faecium Strain Strain E1162 (Genome GenBank U0317(Genome GenBank accession number accession number ABQJ00000000)ABSW00000000) E0510 E1728 E1760 E1731 E1679 (Genome GenBank E1794 (DOstrain; accession number TX0016 strain) ABSC00000000) (Genome GenBankaccession number ACIY00000000) E1644 E1360 E1716 E1674 E1717 E1675 E1441E1643 E1435 E1850 E0734 E0005 E1652 E0321 E0745 E0322 E0470 E0027 E1340E1149 E0013 E1147 E0300 E0802 E0155 E0849 E0161 E1316 E1132 E1554 E1263E1133 E1250 E1764 E1283 E1766 E1284 E1485 E1734 E1590 E1467 E0060 E1500E0128 E1737 E0135 E1463 E1002 E1499 E1039 (Genome GenBank accessionnumber ACOS00000000) E1735 E0980 (Genome GenBank accession numberABQA00000000) E0380 E1071 (Genome GenBank accession number ABQI00000000)E1391 E1759 E1403 E1628 E1421 E1630 E1423 E1573 E0333 E0172 E1292 E0211E1620 E0466 E1621 E1574 E1623 E0463 E1625 E1607 E1636 (Genome GenBankE1619 accession number ABRY00000000) E0073 E1576 E0125 E1781 E0772 E0685E1172 E0144 E1302 E0045 E1307 E0429 E1308 E1622 E1721

Additionally, any number of commercially and non-commercially availablebacteria having cell wall polysaccharides may be utilized in accordancewith the present invention. One skilled in the art will appreciate thatsome bacteria have different nutrition requirements and/or might requiredifferent culture conditions for optimal growth and will be able tomodify conditions as needed.

In many instances, the strains of bacteria will be selected orengineered to produce high levels of polysaccharide. In someembodiments, the bacterial cells are genetically engineered to producehigh levels of polysaccharide.

Cell Culture Media

The present invention provides a variety of media formulations thatmaximize polysaccharide production in bacterial cell cultures.

Complex Media

Bacterial cell cultures, particularly for fastidious bacteria and/orthose bacteria producing cell wall polysaccharides, are often grown incomplex media such as Columbia broth, Luria-Bertani (LB) broth,Todd-Hewitt broth, GC medium, blood broth, or brain-heart infusionbroth. Accordingly, a complex media was developed to maximize bacterialgrowth and polysaccharide production. In one aspect, the inventionrelates to a complex culture medium comprising a vegetable hydrolysate,a yeast extract, and a carbon source.

Suitable vegetable hydrolysates include, but are not limited to, HYPEP1510 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYPEP 4601 (Kerry Group ServicesLtd.), HYPEP 5603 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-SOY (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), AMI-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY (Quest),N-Z-SOY BL4 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY BL7 (Quest), SHEFTONE D(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), SE50M, SE50MK, soy peptone, BACTO soytone(Difco Laboratories Inc.), NUTRISOY 2207 (ADM), NUTRISOY (ADM), NUTRISOYflour (ADM), and soybean meal. In a preferred embodiment, the vegetablehydrolysate is soy hydrolysate. Preferably, the soy hydrolysate is HYPEP1510 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.).

Concentrations of the vegetable hydrolysate in the culture medium canrange between about 5 g/L and about 75 g/L, such as between about 5 g/Land about 65 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 55 g/L, between about 5g/L and about 45 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 35 g/L, betweenabout 10 g/L and about 70 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 60 g/L,between about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 40g/L, between about 15 g/L and about 75 g/L, between about 15 g/L andabout 65 g/L, between about 15 g/L and about 55 g/L, between about 15g/L and about 45 g/L, between about 20 g/L and about 70 g/L, betweenabout 20 g/L and about 60 g/L, or between about 20 g/L and about 50 g/L.In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of vegetable hydrolysate inthe culture medium is between about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L, mostpreferably about 28 g/L.

Yeast extracts suitable for use in the present invention may includeyeast autolysate, ultrafiltered yeast extracts, and synthetic yeastextracts. In one aspect, the yeast extract is BD BBL (BD Biosciences),BD BACTO (BD Biosciences), HY YEST 412 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYYEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 441 (Kerry Group ServicesLtd.), HY-YEST 455 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), or HY YEST 504 (KerryGroup Services Ltd.). In another aspect, the yeast extract is anultrafiltered yeast extract, such as AMBERFERM 5902 (SensientTechnologies Corp.), BD DIFCO (BD Biosciences), HYPEP YE (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), or ULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.). In a furtheraspect, the yeast extract is a synthetic yeast extract, such as BDRECHARGE (BD Biosciences). Most preferably, the yeast extract is anultrafiltered yeast extract, such as AMBERFERM 5902 (SensientTechnologies Corp.).

Concentrations of the yeast extract in the culture medium can range fromabout 1 g/L to about 50 g/L, such as between about 1 g/L and about 40g/L, between about 1 g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 1 g/L and about25 g/L, between about 1 g/L and about 20 g/L, between about 1 g/L andabout 15 g/L, between about 1 g/L and about 10 g/L, between about 5 g/Land about 50 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 40 g/L, between about 5g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 25 g/L, betweenabout 5 g/L and about 20 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 15 g/L,between about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 40g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 10 g/L andabout 35 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 10g/L and about 25 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 20 g/L, betweenabout 15 g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 15 g/L and about 40 g/L,between about 15 g/L and about 30 g/L, or between about 15 g/L and about25 g/L. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of yeast extract inthe culture medium is between about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L, mostpreferably about 10 g/L.

Any carbon source may be used in the culture medium of the presentinvention. Suitable carbon sources include glucose, dextrose, mannitol,lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, raffinose, xylose, and/ormannose. Preferably, the carbon source in the culture medium is glucose.

Concentrations of the carbon source in the culture medium can range fromabout 25 g/L to about 100 g/L, such as between about 25 g/L and about 90g/L, between about 25 g/L and about 80 g/L, between about 25 g/L andabout 70 g/L, between about 25 g/L and about 60 g/L, between about 25g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 50 g/L and about 100 g/L, betweenabout 50 g/L and about 90 g/L, between about 50 g/L and about 80 g/L,between about 50 g/L and about 70 g/L, between about 60 g/L and about100 g/L, between about 60 g/L and about 90 g/L, between about 60 g/L andabout 80 g/L, between about 70 g/L and about 100 g/L, or between about70 g/L and about 90 g/L. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration ofthe carbon source in the culture medium is between about 50 g/L to about90 g/L, most preferably about 80 g/L.

Accordingly, the inventors discovered that a combination of a vegetablehydrolysate, a yeast extract, and a carbon source helps to supportmaximal bacterial cell growth and polysaccharide production. In oneaspect, the invention relates to a culture medium including a vegetablehydrolysate, a yeast extract, and a carbon source. The vegetablehydrolysate can be any suitable vegetable hydrolysate known in the art,such as those described above. Preferably, the hydrolysate is soyhydrolysate. More preferably, the soy hydrolysate is HYPEP 1510 (KerryGroup Services Ltd.). Any yeast extract known in the art, such as thosedescribed above, may be used. In a preferred embodiment, the yeastextract is AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient Technologies Corp.).

In one aspect, the complex culture medium of the present invention mayinclude phosphate-containing ingredients such as Na₂HPO₄, K₂HPO₄, orKH₂PO₄.

In another aspect, the culture media may include various other factorsknown in the art to enhance growth, such as amino acids, vitamins,nucleosides, and inorganic salts.

In yet another aspect, the cultivation is carried out using any of themethods disclosed herein until the cell density, as determined byoptical density (OD) at 600 nm, of the bacterial cell culture using thecomplex media of the invention is at least 15.0, such as at least 16.0,17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0, 22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0, 26.0, 27.0, 28.0,29.0 or 30.0. In a preferred embodiment, the cultivation is carried outuntil the cell density is at least 15.0. In yet another aspect, the celldensity, as determined by optical density (OD) at 600 nm, of thebacterial cell culture using the complex media of the invention may beat least 15.0, such as at least 16.0, 17.0, 18.0, 19.0, 20.0, 21.0,22.0, 23.0, 24.0, 25.0, 26.0, 27.0, 28.0, 29.0 or 30.0. In a preferredembodiment, the cell density is at least 15.0.

GBS polysaccharide yield may be determined by measuring sialic acidconcentration. Sialic acid is released from cell bound polysaccharide bydigesting pelleted cells by methods well-known in the art. The digestcan be assayed by anion exchange chromatography (AEX) via highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Polysaccharide concentrationis then determined by multiplying the sialic acid value times a repeatunit weight conversion factor. For example, the conversion factor foreach GBS serotype is as follows: Ia, Ib, and III=3.24; II and V=4.29;and IV=3.77. Polysaccharide quantification for S. pneumoniae or otherencapsulated bacteria is achieved by first releasing the capsularpolysaccharide from the cell wall by treatment with a detergent, such assodium deoxycholic acid (DOC) or sodium N-lauryl-sarcosine (NLS); acidtreatment at high temperature; base treatment; and/or mechanical lysis.The released polysaccharide in the crude lysate is then assayed againstan authentic standard using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) HPLC.

In one aspect, the cultivation is carried out using any of the methodsdisclosed herein until the polysaccharide concentration, as determinedby sialic acid concentration, of the bacterial cell culture using thecomplex media of the invention is at least about 200 mg/L, such as atleast about 250 mg/L; 300 mg/L; 350 mg/L; 400 mg/L, 450 mg/L; 500 mg/L;550 mg/L; 600 mg/L; 650 mg/L; or 700 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment,the culviation is carried out until the polysaccharide concentration isat least about 600 mg/L. In one aspect, the polysaccharideconcentration, as determined by sialic acid concentration, of thebacterial cell culture using the complex media of the invention may beat least about 200 mg/L, such as at least about 250 mg/L; 300 mg/L; 350mg/L; 400 mg/L, 450 mg/L; 500 mg/L; 550 mg/L; 600 mg/L; 650 mg/L; or 700mg/L. In a preferred embodiment, the polysaccharide concentration is atleast about 600 mg/L.

Defined Media

In view of the potential inconsistency of complex media, however, achemically defined media was also investigated to maximize bacterialgrowth and polysaccharide production. It was surprisingly discoveredthat Applicant's proprietary mammalian cell culture media disclosed inU.S. Pat. No. 7,294,484, which is incorporated by reference herein inits entirety, provided both unexpectedly high cell growth andpolysaccharide production. Specifically, the present inventors foundthat a defined media having a total amino acid concentration greaterthan about 50 mM provided both unexpectedly high cell growth andpolysaccharide production. An exemplary mammalian cell culture media isshown in Table 2 below. Traditional media formulations begin with arelatively low level of total amino acids in comparison with the mediaformulations of the present invention. For example, the traditional cellculture medium known as DME-F12 (a 50:50 mixture of Dulbecco's ModifiedEagle's medium and Ham's F12 medium) has a total amino acid content of7.29 mM, and the traditional cell culture medium known as RPMI-1640 hasa total amino acid content of 6.44 mM (See e.g., H. J. Morton, In Vitro,6:89-108 (1970), R. G. Ham, Proc. Nat. Assoc. Sci. (USA), 53:288-293(1965), G. E. Moore et al., J. Am. Medical Assn., 199:519-24 (1967), allincorporated herein by reference).

TABLE 2 Exemplary Mammalian Cell Culture Media Amino Acids mg/L mMalanine 17.80 0.20 arginine 696.00 4.00 asparagine•H₂O 3000.00 20.00aspartic acid 219.45 1.65 cysteine•HCl•H₂O 70.40 0.40 cysteine•2HCl468.75 1.50 monosodium 33.80 0.20 glutamate glutamine 584.00 4.00glycine 115.50 1.54 histidine•HCl•H₂O 474.60 2.26 isoleucine 570.73 4.36leucine 1030.70 7.87 lysine•HCl 1401.40 7.70 methionine 387.40 2.60phenylalanine 507.00 3.07 proline 539.50 4.69 serine 1052.00 10.02threonine 564.80 4.75 tryptophan 274.16 1.34 tyrosine•2Na•2H₂O 745.752.86 valine 749.00 6.40 Vitamins mg/L mM biotin 2.68 0.01 calciumpantothenate 21.92 0.05 choline chloride 158.46 1.14 folic acid 25.930.06 inositol 163.98 0.91 nicotinamide 26.23 0.22 pyridoxal•HCl 2.030.01 pyridoxine•HCl 36.13 0.18 riboflavin 2.41 0.01 thiamine•HCl 39.430.12 vitamin B12 21.17 0.02 Inorganic Salts mg/L mM CaCl₂ 116.55 1.05KCl 312.90 4.19 Na₂HPO₄ 56.60 0.40 NaCl 1100.00 18.80 NaH₂PO₄•H₂O 645.844.68 MgSO₄ 138.00 1.15 MgCl₂ 28.50 0.30 NaHCO₃ 2000.00 23.81 TraceElements μg/L nM Sodium Selenite 69.16 400.00 Fe(NO₃)₃•9H₂O 50.00 123.76CuSO₄ 10.24 64.00 CuSO₄•5H₂O 99.88 400.00 FeSO₄•7H₂O 4170 15000ZnSO₄•7H₂O 2640 9200 MnSO₄•H₂O 33.80 200.00 Na₂SiO₃•9H₂O 284.07 1000(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄•4H₂O 247.20 200.00 NH₄VO₃ 2.34 20.00 NiSO₄•6H₂O 5.26 20.00SnCl₂•2H₂O 0.90 4.00 AlCl₃•6H₂O 0.97 4.00 KBr 0.48 4.00 CrCl₃ 15.83100.00 NaF 0.17 4.00 GeO₂ 0.42 4.00 Kl 33.20 200.00 RbCl 0.48 4.00 H₃BO₃12.37 200.00 LiCl 0.17 4.00 Other Components μg/L nM Hydrocortisone540.00 1.49 Putrescine•2HCl 15000 93.11 linoleic acid 290.00 1.04thioctic acid 716.00 3.48 Other Components mg/L mM D-glucose (Dextrose)15000.00 83.33 PVA 2560.00 Nucellin ™ 50.00 Sodium Pyruvate 55.00 0.50

Accordingly, the present invention relates to a cell culture mediahaving a total amino acid concentration of at least about 50 mM, such asat least about 55 mM, at least 60 mM, at least 70 mM, and at least 75mM. In a preferred embodiment, the total amino acid concentration is atleast 60 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total glycine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media can range between about 1.5 mM and about60.0 mM, such as between about 1.5 mM and about 50.0 mM, between about1.5 mM and about 40.0 mM, between about 1.5 mM and about 30.0 mM,between about 1.5 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 1.5 mM and about15.0 mM, between about 1.5 mM and about 10.0 mM, between about 1.5 mMand about 7.5 mM, between about 1.5 mM and about 5.0 mM, between about5.0 mM and about 60.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 50.0 mM,between about 5.0 mM and about 40.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about30.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 5.0 mMand about 15.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 10.0 mM, between about5.0 mM and about 7.5 mM, between about 7.5 mM and about 60.0 mM, betweenabout 7.5 mM and about 50.0 mM, between about 7.5 mM and about 40.0 mM,between about 7.5 mM and about 30.0 mM, between about 7.5 mM and about20.0 mM, between about 7.5 mM and about 15.0 mM, or between about 7.5 mMand about 10.0 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the total concentration ofglycine in the bacterial cell culture media is between about 5.0 mM andabout 15.0 mM, most preferably about 7.5 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total arginine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media can range between about 1.0 mM and about30.0 mM, such as between about 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about1.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about 10.0 mM,between about 1.0 mM and about 7.5 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about5.0 mM, between about 4.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 4.0 mM andabout 15.0 mM, between about 4.0 mM and about 10.0 mM, between about 4.0mM and about 7.5 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, betweenabout 10.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 20.0mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM andabout 30.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, or between about15.0 mM and about 20.0 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the totalconcentration of arginine in the bacterial cell culture media is betweenabout 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, most preferably about 4.0 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total cysteine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media may be between about 0.1 mM and about 5.0mM, such as between about 0.1 mM and about 4.5 mM, between about 0.1 mMand about 4.0 mM, between about 0.1 mM and about 3.5 mM, between about0.1 mM and about 3.0 mM, between about 0.1 mM and about 2.5 mM, betweenabout 0.4 mM and about 5.0 mM, between about 0.4 mM and about 4.5 mM,between about 0.4 mM and about 4.0 mM, between about 0.4 mM and about3.5 mM, between about 0.4 mM and about 3.0 mM, between about 0.4 mM andabout 2.5 mM, or between about 0.4 mM and about 2.0 mM. In a preferredembodiment, the total concentration of cysteine in the bacterial cellculture media is between about 0.1 mM and about 3.5 mM, most preferablyabout 0.4 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total serine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media may be between about 5.0 mM and about 75.0mM, such as between about 5.0 mM and about 50.0 mM, between about 5.0 mMand about 40.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, between about5.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 20.0 mM,between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about75.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 50.0 mM, between about 10.0 mMand about 40.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, betweenabout 10.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 75.0mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 50.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM andabout 40.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, or between about20.0 mM and about 50.0 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the totalconcentration of serine in the bacterial cell culture media is betweenabout 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, most preferably about 7.5 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total glutamine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media may range between about 1.0 mM and about30.0 mM, such as between about 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about1.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about 10.0 mM,between about 1.0 mM and about 7.5 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about5.0 mM, between about 4.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 4.0 mM andabout 15.0 mM, between about 4.0 mM and about 10.0 mM, between about 4.0mM and about 7.5 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, betweenabout 10.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 20.0mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 15.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM andabout 30.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, or between about15.0 mM and about 20.0 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the totalconcentration of glutamine in the bacterial cell culture media isbetween about 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, most preferably about 4.0 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total tyrosine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media can range between about 0.1 mM and about5.0 mM, such as between about 0.1 mM and about 4.5 mM, between about 0.1mM and about 4.0 mM, between about 0.1 mM and about 3.5 mM, betweenabout 0.1 mM and about 3.0 mM, between about 0.1 mM and about 2.5 mM,between about 1.0 mM and about 5.0 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about4.5 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about 4.0 mM, between about 1.0 mM andabout 3.5 mM, between about 1.0 mM and about 3.0 mM, between about 1.0mM and about 2.5 mM, or between about 1.0 mM and about 2.0 mM. In apreferred embodiment, the total concentration of tyrosine in thebacterial cell culture media is between about 1.0 mM and about 3.5 mM,most preferably about 2.9 mM or about 3.0 mM.

In an aspect of the invention, the total asparagine concentration in thebacterial cell culture media may be between about 5.0 mM and about 50.0mM, such as between about 5.0 mM and about 40.0 mM, between about 5.0 mMand about 30.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, between about5.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM,between about 5.0 mM and about 10.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about50.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 40.0 mM, between about 10.0 mMand about 30.0 mM, between about 10.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, betweenabout 10.0 mM and about 20.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 50.0mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 40.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM andabout 30.0 mM, between about 15.0 mM and about 25.0 mM, or between about15.0 mM and about 20.0 mM. In a preferred embodiment, the totalconcentration of asparagine in the bacterial cell culture media isbetween about 10.0 mM and about 30.0 mM, most preferably about 20.0 mM.

In another aspect of the invention, the cell culture media does notcontain asparagine.

The present inventors also found that potassium was a beneficial saltfor the production of polysaccharides, which was independent of growth.Accordingly, in one aspect of the invention, the cell culture mediacomprises a potassium salt, such as potassium chloride or potassiumsulfate.

In one embodiment, the concentration of potassium salt in the cellculture media may be between about 0.1 g/L and about 25 g/L, such asbetween about 0.1 g/L and about 20 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about10 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 5 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L andabout 1.5 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, between about0.1 g/L and about 1.0 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 0.9 g/L,between about 0.1 g/L and about 0.8 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about0.7 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 0.6 g/L, between about 0.1 g/Land about 0.5 g/L, between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.5 g/L, betweenabout 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.0g/L, between about 0.2 g/L and about 0.9 g/L, between about 0.2 g/L andabout 0.8 g/L, between about 0.2 g/L and about 0.7 g/L, between about0.2 g/L and about 0.6 g/L, between about 0.2 g/L and about 0.5 g/L,between about 0.3 g/L and about 1.5 g/L, between about 0.3 g/L and about1.25 g/L, between about 0.3 g/L and about 1.0 g/L, between about 0.3 g/Land about 0.9 g/L, between about 0.3 g/L and about 0.8 g/L, betweenabout 0.3 g/L and about 0.7 g/L, between about 0.3 g/L and about 0.6g/L, between about 0.3 g/L and about 0.5 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L andabout 1.5 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, or betweenabout 0.5 g/L and about 1.0 g/L. In a preferred embodiment, the totalconcentration of potassium salt in the bacterial cell culture media isbetween about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, most preferably about 0.9 g/L.

In one aspect of the invention, the cell culture media of the presentinvention contains a carbon source. Suitable carbon sources includeglucose, dextrose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose,raffinose, xylose, and/or mannose. In a preferred embodiment, the carbonsource is glucose.

The total concentration of the carbon source in the bacterial cellculture media can range between about 25 g/L to about 100 g/L, such asbetween about 25 g/L and about 90 g/L, between about 25 g/L and about 80g/L, between about 25 g/L and about 70 g/L, between about 25 g/L andabout 60 g/L, between about 25 g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 50g/L and about 100 g/L, between about 50 g/L and about 90 g/L, betweenabout 50 g/L and about 80 g/L, between about 50 g/L and about 70 g/L,between about 60 g/L and about 100 g/L, between about 60 g/L and about90 g/L, between about 60 g/L and about 80 g/L, between about 70 g/L andabout 100 g/L, or between about 70 g/L and about 90 g/L. In a preferredembodiment, the concentration of the carbon source in the culture mediumis between about 25 g/L and about 80 g/L, most preferably about 50 g/L.

In another aspect, the cell culture media is modified to accommodate thesodium bicarbonate requirement of bacteria grown anaerobically. Someexamples of polysaccharide-producing bacteria that are grownanaerobically include S. agalactiae and S. pneumoniae. In oneembodiment, about 0.1 g/L to about 20 g/L of sodium bicarbonate is addedto the media. For example, the sodium bicarbonate concentration may bebetween about 0.1 g/L and about 15 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about10 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 5.0 g/L, between about 0.1 g/Land about 3.0 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 2.0 g/L, betweenabout 0.1 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 1.0g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 0.9 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L andabout 0.8 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 0.7 g/L, between about0.1 g/L and about 0.6 g/L, between about 0.1 g/L and about 0.5 g/L,between about 0.5 g/L and about 20 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about15 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about 10 g/L, between about 0.5 g/Land about 5.0 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about 3.0 g/L, betweenabout 0.5 g/L and about 2.0 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about 1.25g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about 1.0 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L andabout 0.9 g/L, between about 0.5 g/L and about 0.8 g/L, between about0.5 g/L and about 0.7 g/L, between about 0.75 g/L and about 20 g/L,between about 0.75 g/L and about 15 g/L, between about 0.75 g/L andabout 10 g/L, between about 0.75 g/L and about 5.0 g/L, between about0.75 g/L and about 3.0 g/L, between about 0.75 g/L and about 2.0 g/L,between about 0.75 g/L and about 1.25 g/L, between about 0.75 g/L andabout 1.0 g/L, or between about 0.75 g/L and about 0.9 g/L. Preferably,the sodium bicarbonate concentration is about 0.84 g/L, or between about1.8 g/L and about 2.4 g/L.

In one aspect of the invention, the defined bacterial cell culture mediacomprises yeast extract. Yeast extracts suitable for use in the presentinvention may include yeast autolysate, ultrafiltered yeast extracts,and synthetic yeast extracts. In one aspect, the yeast extract is BD BBL(BD Biosciences), BD BACTO (BD Biosciences), HY YEST 412 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), Y YEST 441 (Kerry, Inc. Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYYEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), or HY YEST 504 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.). In another aspect, the yeast extract is an ultrafilteredyeast extract, such as AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient Technologies Corp.), BDDIFCO (BD Biosciences), HYPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), orULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.). In a further aspect, the yeastextract is a synthetic yeast extract, such as BD RECHARGE (BDBiosciences). Most preferably, the yeast extract is an ultrafilteredyeast extract, such as AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient Technologies Corp.).

Concentrations of the yeast extract in the culture medium can be betweenabout 1 g/L to about 50 g/L, such as between about 1 g/L and about 40g/L, between about 1 g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 1 g/L and about25 g/L, between about 1 g/L and about 20 g/L, between about 1 g/L andabout 15 g/L, between about 1 g/L and about 10 g/L, between about 5 g/Land about 50 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 40 g/L, between about 5g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 25 g/L, betweenabout 5 g/L and about 20 g/L, between about 5 g/L and about 15 g/L,between about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 40g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 10 g/L andabout 35 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 30 g/L, between about 10g/L and about 25 g/L, between about 10 g/L and about 20 g/L, betweenabout 15 g/L and about 50 g/L, between about 15 g/L and about 40 g/L,between about 15 g/L and about 30 g/L, or between about 15 g/L and about25 g/L. In a preferred embodiment, the concentration of yeast extract inthe culture medium is between about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L, mostpreferably about 10 g/L.

One aspect of the invention relates to a defined cell culture mediacomprising at least about 50 mM of amino acids, a potassium salt, acarbon source, and optionally, a yeast extract.

In one embodiment, the cell culture media comprises at least about 50 mMof amino acids, between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM of glycine,between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L of a potassium salt, betweenabout 25 g/L and about 80 g/L of a carbon source, and between about 5g/L to about 25 g/L of a yeast extract.

In a preferred embodiment, the cell culture media comprises at leastabout 60 mM of amino acids, about 7.5 mM of glycine, about 0.9 g/L ofpotassium chloride, 50 g/L of glucose, and about 10 g/L of anultrafiltered yeast extract.

Furthermore, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any ofthe conditions listed above may be used either singly or in variouscombinations with one another. By utilizing media formulation whichexhibit one, some or all of the above characteristics, one of ordinaryskill in the art will be able to optimize cell growth and/or viabilityand to maximize the production of polysaccharide.

Any of these media formulations disclosed in the present invention mayoptionally be supplemented as necessary with particular ions (such assodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers, vitamins,trace elements (inorganic compounds usually present at very low finalconcentrations), amino acids, lipids, protein hydrolysates, or glucoseor other energy source. These optional supplements may be added at thebeginning of the culture or may be added at a later point in order toreplenish depleted nutrients or for another reason. One of ordinaryskill in the art will be aware of any desirable or necessary supplementsthat may be included in the disclosed media formulations.

In another aspect, the cultivation is carried out by any of the methodsdisclosed herein until the cell density, as determined by opticaldensity (OD) at 600 nm, of the bacterial cell culture using the definedmedia of the invention is at least 9.0, such as at least 9.5, 10.0,10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5, 16.0,16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, or 20.0. In a preferredembodiment, the cultivation is carried out by any of the methodsdisclosed herein until the cell density is at least 9.0.

For polysaccharides that contain sialic acid such as GBS, polysaccharideyield may be determined by measuring sialic acid concentration. Sialicacid is released from cell bound polysaccharide by digesting pelletedcells by methods well-known in the art. The digest is assayed by anionexchange chromatogrphay (AEX) via high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Polysaccharide concentration is then determined by multiplyingthe sialic acid value times a repeat unit weight conversion factor. Forexample, the conversion factor for each GBS serotype is as follows: Ia,Ib, and III=3.24; II and V=4.29; and IV=3.77.

In one aspect, the cultivation is carried out using any of the methodsdisclosed herein until the polysaccharide concentration, as determinedby sialic acid concentration, of the bacterial cell culture using thedefined media of the invention is at least about 250 mg/L, such as atleast about 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 450 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 550 mg/L,600 mg/L, 650 mg/L, 700 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 800 mg/L, 900 mg/L, 1000 mg/L,1200 mg/L, 1500 mg/L or 2000 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment, thecultivation is carried out using any of the methods disclosed hereinuntil the polysaccharide concentration is at least about 250 mg/L. Inone aspect, the polysaccharide concentration, as determined by sialicacid concentration, of the bacterial cell culture using the definedmedia of the invention may be at least about 250 mg/L, such as at leastabout 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 450 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 550 mg/L, 600mg/L, 650 mg/L, 700 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 800 mg/L, 900 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 1200mg/L, 1500 mg/L or 2000 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment, thepolysaccharide concentration is at least about 250 mg/L.

Fermentation Methods

The present invention provides fermentation methods for cultivatingpolysaccharide-producing bacteria. In one aspect, the cultivationmethods of the present invention are used in combination with thecomplex and defined media described herein to maximize polysaccharideproduction.

Seed Growth

In one embodiment, growth of polysaccharide-producing bacteria in themethods of the invention proceeds in at least two phases: seed growthand fermentation. A seed culture is first grown by inoculation from astock culture, e.g., a working cell bank. The seed is used either toinoculate a second seed culture or to inoculate a relatively largefermentation culture. As is understood in the art, the number of seedcultures used may depend, for example, on the size and volume of thefermentation step.

Accordingly, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method ofculturing polysaccharide-producing bacteria. The method includesculturing a polysaccharide-producing bacterial cell in a first culturemedium under conditions that facilitate growth of the cell; inoculatinga second culture medium with all or a portion of said first medium aftersaid first culturing; culturing said inoculated second medium underconditions that facilitate cell growth and/or polysaccharide production.The method may further include isolating a polysaccharide from saidsecond medium. In one embodiment, the polysaccharide-producing bacteriaare grown in a first culture medium referred to as a seed culture. Inone embodiment, the seed culture includes a culture medium as describedabove and an inoculation from a stock culture that was grown in themedium. In one embodiment, the first and second culture media are thesame. In another embodiment, the first and second culture media aredifferent.

The seed growth phase (or phases) is generally carried out to scale-upthe quantity of the microorganism from a stored culture, so that it canbe used as an inoculant for the fermentation phase. The volume andquantity of viable cells used to inoculate the fermentation culture canbe controlled more accurately if taken from an actively growing culture(e.g., a seed culture), rather than if taken from a stored culture.

In addition, more than one (e.g., two or three) seed growth phases canbe used to scale-up the quantity of polysaccharide-producing bacteriafor inoculation of the fermentation medium. Alternatively, growth ofpolysaccharide-producing bacteria in the fermentation phase can proceeddirectly from the stored culture by direct inoculation, if desired.

To start the fermentation phase, a portion or all of a seed culturecontaining the polysaccharide-producing bacteria may be used toinoculate a fermentation culture medium. An appropriate concentration ofseed culture to use to inoculate fermentation media can be determined bythose of skill in this art.

Fermentation may be used to produce the maximum cell growth and/orpolysaccharide production in a large-scale environment. In oneembodiment, the polysaccharide-producing bacteria are grown as afermentation culture. In one embodiment, the fermentation culture wasinoculated from a seed culture that was grown in the first medium andthe fermentation culture is carried out in a second medium. In oneembodiment, the second medium may be the complex or defined media asdescribed above. In another embodiment, the first medium and the secondmedium are the same.

Fed Batch Fermentation Process

In one embodiment, the polysaccharide-producing bacterial cell iscultured in a fed batch culture system using the complex and definedmedia described above. In a fed batch system, the culture is initiatedwith an inoculation of cells, supplemented with at least one nutrientadded during the culture, and terminated with a single harvest of cells.In one embodiment, the nutrient is added at a constant rate.

In one aspect, the carbon source is the nutrient added during theculture. The carbon source may be any carbon source described above forthe complex and/or defined media. In a preferred embodiment, the carbonsource is glucose.

In an aspect of the invention, the amount of batched carbonsource/amount of fed carbon source may be about 10%/90%, 15%/85%,20%/80%, 25%/75%, or 30%/70%. For instance, in a preferred embodiment,20% of the total concentration of the carbon source is batched and theremaining 80% is fed at a constant rate over the course of the culture.In another embodiment, 20% of the total concentration of the carbonsource is batched and the remaining carbon source may also be fed at anon-constant rate over the course of the culture.

In yet another aspect, the fed batch fermentation process is carried outuntil the cell density, as determined by optical density (OD) at 600 nm,of the bacterial cell culture is at least 9.0, such as at least 9.5,10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0, 15.5,16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, or 20.0. In a preferredembodiment, the fed batch fermentation process is carried out until thecell density is at least 9.0.

In yet another aspect, the cell density, as determined by opticaldensity (OD) at 600 nm, of the bacterial cell culture by the fed batchculture system of the invention may be at least 9.0, such as at least9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, 14.0, 14.5, 15.0,15.5, 16.0, 16.5, 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0, 19.5, or 20.0. In apreferred embodiment, the cell density is at least 9.0.

For polysaccharides that contain sialic acid such as GBS, polysaccharideyield may be determined by measuring sialic acid concentration. Sialicacid is released from cell bound polysaccharide by digesting pelletedcells by methods well-known in the art. The digest is assayed by anionexchange chromatogrphay (AEX) via high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Polysaccharide concentration is then determined by multiplyingthe sialic acid value times a repeat unit weight conversion factor. Forexample, the conversion factor for each GBS serotype is as follows: Ia,Ib, and III=3.24; II and V=4.29; and IV=3.77. Polysaccharide yield forS. pneumoniae or other encapsulated bacteria may be quantified by firstreleasing the capsular polysaccharide from the cell wall by treatmentwith a detergent, such as sodium deoxycholic acid (DOC) or sodiumN-lauryl-sarcosine (NLS); acid treatment at high temperature; basetreatment; and/or mechanical lysis. The released polysaccharide in thecrude lysate is then assayed against an authentic standard using sizeexclusion chromatography (SEC) HPLC.

In one aspect, the fed batch fermentation process is carried out untilthe polysaccharide concentration, as determined by sialic acidconcentration, of the bacterial cell culture is at least about 250 mg/L,such as at least about 300 mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 450 mg/L, 500 mg/L,550 mg/L, 600 mg/L, 650 mg/L, 700 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 800 mg/L, 900 mg/L,1000 mg/L, 1200 mg/L, 1500 mg/L or 2000 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment,the fed batch fermentation process is carried out until thepolysaccharide concentration is at least about 250 mg/L.

In one aspect, the polysaccharide concentration, as determined by SECHPLC, of the bacterial cell culture by the fed batch culture system ofthe invention may be at least about 250 mg/L, such as at least about 300mg/L, 350 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 450 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 550 mg/L, 600 mg/L, 650mg/L, 700 mg/L, 750 mg/L, 800 mg/L, 900 mg/L, 1000 mg/L, 1200 mg/L, 1500mg/L or 2000 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment, the polysaccharideconcentration is at least about 250 mg/L.

Perfusion Fermentation Process

In one embodiment, the polysaccharide-producing bacterial cell iscultured in a perfusion culture system. The inventors discovered thatmaximal polysaccharide production may be obtained in a perfusion cultureusing the complex and defined media described above. An advantage of aperfusion system is that fresh media may be added continuously. Inaddition, metabolic waste products may be removed during productionwhile maintaining cell viability in the system.

The perfusion culture system may include providing fresh medium to thecells while simultaneously removing spent medium that is substantiallyfree of cells or includes a substantially lower cell concentration thanthat in the bioreactor. In a perfusion culture, cells can be retainedby, for example, filtration, ultrasonic filtration, centrifugation, orsedimentation.

In one embodiment, the spent media is separated from the cells andremoved, while retaining the cells in or returning the cells to thebioreactor. The separation step may be a normal flow filter and/or atangential flow filter. In one embodiment, said filtration systemcomprises a hollow fiber filter. In another embodiment, said filtrationsystem comprises a flat-sheet cassette. In another embodiment, the cellsare separated from the spent medium by a centrifugation step. In anotherembodiment, the cells are separated from the spent medium by anultrasonic separation step. In another embodiment, the cells areseparated from the spent medium via a sedimentation system.

In one embodiment the rate of perfusion may be between about 0.07 VVH toabout 2.00 VVH, such as between about between about 0.07 VVH to about1.33 VVH, between about 0.07 VVH to about 1.20 VVH, between about 0.07VVH to about 1.07 VVH, between about 0.07 VVH to about 0.93 VVH, betweenabout 0.07 VVH to about 0.80 VVH, between about 0.07 VVH to about 0.67VVH, between about 0.07 VVH to about 0.53 VVH, between about 0.07 VVH toabout 0.40 VVH, between about 0.07 VVH to about 0.27 VVH, between about0.13 VVH to about 2.00 VVH, between about 0.13 VVH to about 1.33 VVH,between about 0.13 VVH to about 1.20 VVH, between about 0.13 VVH toabout 1.07 VVH, between about 0.13 VVH to about 0.93 VVH, between about0.13 VVH to about 0.80 VVH, between about 0.13 VVH to about 0.67 VVH,between about 0.13 VVH to about 0.53 VVH, between about 0.13 VVH toabout 0.40 VVH, between about 0.13 VVH to about 0.27 VVH, between about0.27 VVH to about 2.00 VVH, between about 0.27 VVH to about 1.33 VVH,between about 0.27 VVH to about 1.20 VVH, between about 0.27 VVH toabout 1.07 VVH, between about 0.27 VVH to about 0.93 VVH, between about0.27 VVH to about 0.80 VVH, between about 0.27 VVH to about 0.67 VVH,between about 0.27 VVH to about 0.53 VVH, between about 0.27 VVH toabout 0.40 VVH, between about 0.40 VVH to about 2.00 VVH, between about0.40 VVH to about 1.33 VVH, between about 0.40 VVH to about 1.20 VVH,between about 0.40 VVH to about 1.07 VVH, between about 0.40 VVH toabout 0.93 VVH, between about 0.40 VVH to about 0.80 VVH, between about0.40 VVH to about 0.67 VVH, between about 0.53 VVH to about 2.00 VVH,between about 0.53 VVH to about 1.33 VVH, between about 0.53 VVH toabout 1.20 VVH, between about 0.53 VVH to about 1.07 VVH, between about0.53 VVH to about 0.93 VVH, between about 0.53 VVH to about 0.80 VVH,between about 0.53 VVH to about 0.67 VVH, between about 0.67 VVH toabout 2.00 VVH, between about 0.67 VVH to about 1.33 VVH, between about0.67 VVH to about 1.20 VVH, between about 0.67 VVH to about 1.07 VVH,between about 0.67 VVH to about 0.93 VVH, or between about 0.67 VVH toabout 0.80 VVH. In one embodiment, the rate of perfusion is betweenabout 0.67 VVH to about 1.33 VVH, preferably about 1.20 VVH.

In one aspect, the duration of the perfusion culture may be betweenabout 1 hour and about 15 hours, such as between about 1 hour and about14 hours, between about 1 hour and about 13 hours, between about 1 hourand about 12 hours, between about 1 hour and about 11 hours, betweenabout 1 hour and about 10 hours, between about 1 hour and about 9 hours,between about 1 hour and about 8 hours, between about 1 hour and about 7hours, between about 1 hour and about 6 hours, between about 1 hour andabout 5 hours, between about 5 hours and about 15 hours, between about 5hours and about 14 hours, between about 5 hours and about 13 hours,between about 5 hours and about 12 hours, between about 5 hours andabout 11 hours, between about 5 hours and about 10 hours, between about5 hours and about 9 hours, between about 5 hours and about 8 hours, orbetween about 5 hours and about 7 hours. In one embodiment, the durationof the perfusion culture is between about 1 hour and about 10 hours,preferably about 7 hours.

In one particular aspect, the rate of perfusion may be varied (increasedor decreased) for the duration of the culture. In one embodiment, theperfusion system starts at a first rate and the rate is increased to asecond rate. In another embodiment, the perfusion system starts at afirst rate and the rate is decreased to a second rate. In an additionalembodiment, the rate of perfusion may be changed multiple times.

In one aspect, the rate of perfusion is kept constant for the durationof the culture.

In another aspect of the invention, the cell growth in the perfusionsystem may be at least 1.1-fold, such 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8,1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4 or 2.5-fold, greater than in a batchfermentation system. In a preferred embodiment, the cell growth in theperfusion system is at least 2-fold greater than in a batch fermentationsystem.

In yet another aspect, the perfusion fermentation process is carried outuntil the cell density, as determined by optical density (OD) at 600 nm,of the bacterial cell culture is at least 20.0, such as at least 25.0,30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0 50.0, 55.0, or 60.0. In a preferred embodiment,the perfusion fermentation process is carried out until the cell densityis at least 20.0.

In yet another aspect, the cell density, as determined by opticaldensity (OD) at 600 nm, of the bacterial cell culture by the perfusionsystem of the invention may be at least 20.0, such as at least 25.0,30.0, 35.0, 40.0, 45.0 50.0, 55.0, or 60.0. In a preferred embodiment,the cell density is at least 20.0.

In another aspect of the invention, the polysaccharide concentration inthe perfusion system is at least 1.5-fold, such as at least 1.6, 1.7,1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.1,3.2, 3.3, 3.4, or 3.5-fold, greater than in a batch fermentation system.In a preferred embodiment, the polysaccharide concentration in theperfusion system is at least 2-fold greater than in a batch fermentationsystem.

For polysaccharides that contain sialic acid, such as GBS,polysaccharide yield may be determined by measuring sialic acidconcentration. Sialic acid is released from cell bound polysaccharide bydigesting pelleted cells by methods well-known in the art. The digest isassayed by anion exchange chromatogrphay (AEX) via high performanceliquid chromatography (HPLC). Polysaccharide concentration is thendetermined by multiplying the sialic acid value times a repeat unitweight conversion factor. For example, the conversion factor for eachGBS serotype is as follows: Ia, Ib, and III=3.24; II and V=4.29; andIV=3.77. Polysaccharide yield for S. pneumoniae or other encapsulatedbacteria may be quantified by first releasing the capsularpolysaccharide from the cell wall by treatment with a detergent, such assodium deoxycholic acid (DOC) or sodium N-lauryl-sarcosine (NLS); acidtreatment at high temperature; base treatment; and/or mechanical lysis.The released polysaccharide in the crude lysate is then assayed againstan authentic standard using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) HPLC.

In one aspect, the perfusion fermentation process is carried out untilthe polysaccharide concentration, as determined by sialic acidconcentration, of the bacterial cell culture is at least about 600 mg/L,such as at least about 650 mg/L; 700 mg/L; 750 mg/L; 800 mg/L, 850 mg/L;900 mg/L; 950 mg/L; 1,000 mg/L; 1,500 mg/L; or 2,000 mg/L. In apreferred embodiment, perfusion fermentation process is carried outuntil the polysaccharide concentration is at least about 600 mg/L.

In one aspect, the polysaccharide concentration, as determined by SECHPLC, of the bacterial cell culture by the perfusion system of theinvention may be at least about 600 mg/L, such as at least about 650mg/L; 700 mg/L; 750 mg/L; 800 mg/L, 850 mg/L; 900 mg/L; 950 mg/L; 1,000mg/L; 1,500 mg/L; or 2,000 mg/L. In a preferred embodiment, thepolysaccharide concentration is at least about 600 mg/L.

EXAMPLES

The following examples demonstrate some embodiments of the presentinvention. However, it is to be understood that these examples are forillustration only and do not purport to be wholly definitive as toconditions and scope of this invention. It should be appreciated thatwhen typical reaction conditions (e.g., temperature, reaction times,etc.) have been given, the conditions both above and below the specifiedranges can also be used, though generally less conveniently. All partsand percents referred to herein are on a weight basis and alltemperatures are expressed in degrees centigrade unless otherwisespecified.

Furthermore, the following examples were carried out using standardtechniques, which are well known and routine to those of skill in theart, except where otherwise described in detail. As noted above, thefollowing examples are presented for illustrative purpose, and shouldnot be construed in any way limiting the scope of this invention.

Example 1: A Defined Medium of the Invention

Applicant's proprietary, mammalian defined cell culture medium (“R17”)was modified for growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae to create “ModifiedAS3” medium (also referred to as “mAS3”). The Modified AS3 medium wasformulated with the components of Table 3 below. The media prepared forserotypes 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 14, and 23F was formulated with 30 g/L ofdextrose and 0.6 g/L of magnesium sulfate. In the case of serotypes 1,3, 6B, 7F, 9V, 18C, 19A, and 19F, 30 g/L dextrose was added to the mediain the reactor.

TABLE 3 Modified AS3 Medium Component Concentration (g/L) R-17 drypowder 15.56 g/L L-tyrosine disodium salt, dihydrate 0.643 g/L Dextroseanhydrous 25 g/L Sodium chloride 1.1 g/L 300 mM acidic cystine stock3.75 mL/L L-Asparagine monohydrate 2.25 g/L L-Glutamine 1.17 g/L 1 mMFerrous sulfate stock 15 mL/L Trace elements E 1 mL/L Magnesium sulfateheptahydrate 1.23 g/L

A full accounting of the composition of the amino acids, vitamins andsalts in the R17 powder is provided in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Composition of R17 Powder Amino Acids g/L mM alanine 0.02 0.20arginine 0.70 4.00 aspartic acid 0.22 1.65 cysteine•HCl•H₂O 0.07 0.40monosodium 0.03 0.20 glutamate glycine 0.12 1.54 histidine•HCl•H₂O 0.472.26 isoleucine 0.57 4.36 leucine 1.03 7.87 lysine•HCl 1.40 7.70methionine 0.39 2.60 phenylalanine 0.51 3.07 proline 0.54 4.69 serine1.05 10.02 threonine 0.56 4.75 tryptophan 0.27 1.34 valine 0.75 6.40Other Components g/L nM linoleic acid 0.0003 1.04 thioctic acid 0.00073.48 D-glucose (Dextrose) 5.00 83.33 Sodium pyruvate 0.06 0.50 InorganicSalts g/L mM CaCl₂ 0.12 1.05 KCl 0.31 4.19 Na₂HPO₄ 0.06 0.40 NaH₂PO₄•H₂O0.65 4.68 MgCl₂ 0.03 0.30 MgSO₄ 0.14 1.15 Trace Elements μg/L nM SodiumSelenite 69.16 400.00 CuSO₄ 10.24 64.00 CuSO₄•5H₂O 99.88 400.00FeSO₄•7H₂O 4170 15000 MnSO₄•H₂O 33.80 200.00 Na₂SiO₃•9H₂O 284.07 1000(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄•4H₂O 247.20 200.00 NH₄VO₃ 2.34 20.00 NiSO₄•6H₂O 5.26 20.00SnCl₂•2H₂O 0.90 4.00 AlCl₃•6H₂O 0.97 4.00 KBr 0.48 4.00 CrCl₃ 15.83100.00 NaF 0.17 4.00 GeO₂ 0.42 4.00 Kl 33.20 200.00 RbCl 0.48 4.00 H₃BO₃12.37 200.00 LiCl 0.17 4.00 Vitamins g/L mM biotin 0.003 0.01 calciumpantothenate 0.02 0.05 choline chloride 0.16 1.14 folic acid 0.03 0.06inositol 0.16 0.91 nicotinamide 0.03 0.22 pyridoxal•HCl 0.002 0.01pyridoxine•HCl 0.004 0.18 riboflavin 0.002 0.01 thiamine•HCl 0.04 0.12vitamin B12 0.02 0.02

Batch fermentation was performed in a 2 L bioreactor with temperaturecontrol at 36° C. and pH control at 7.0 with NaOH used as base titrant.The fermentor was inserted with N2 overlay for serotypes 1, 3, 4, 6A,6B, 7F, 9V, 18C, 19A, and 19F and with air for serotypes 6B(2), 14 and23F; no overlay was used for serotype 5. The fermentation was stirred at200 RPM. Results are shown in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 S. pneumoniae Growth and Polysaccharide Production in ModifiedAS3 Medium Growth Polysaccharide Serotype OD600 (g/L)  1 9.1 1.38  311.5 3.19  4 9.5 0.50  5 7.5 0.40  6A 6.6 1.10  6B 6.0 2.00  6B(2) 6.31.20  7F 8.0 0.70  9V 7.4 0.54 14 6.8 1.10 18C 7.0 0.97 19A 5.0 2.40 19F5.5 0.86 23F 6.5 1.10

The thirteen S. pneumoniae serotypes were successfully grown in a batchculture using the chemically defined Modified AS3 medium.

Example 2: Comparison of Commercially Available Defined Medium to aDefined Medium of the Invention

Eagle's minimum essential medium (EMEM), a commercially availabledefined cell culture medium, was tested in comparison to R17 usingvarious serotypes of GBS. The formulation of each was modified from thelabel instructions to accommodate the sodium bicarbonate requirement ofGBS grown anaerobically. Each medium was also supplemented with a highconcentration of glucose to support the higher cell density achievablein bacterial cultures. The formulation for EMEM modified as a bacterialmedium (“bacterial EMEM”) was as follows: 20.2 g/L EMEM powder, 1.17 g/LL-glutamine, 0.84 g/L sodium bicarbonate and 80 g/L glucose. Thecomposition of GBS mAS3mAS3 (as described in Example 1) was customizedfor GBS growth (hereinafter “GBS mAS3”) as follows: 0.21 g/L L-cysteineHCl (instead of 300 mM acidic cystine stock), 2 mL/L (instead of 1mL/L)Trace Element E 1000×, 0.84 g/L sodium bicarbonate and 80 g/Lglucose (instead of 25 g/L dextrose anhydrous).

Fermentation was performed at 10 L bioreactor scale with temperaturecontrol at 37° C. and pH control at 7.0 with NaOH used as base titrant.The fermentor was inserted with N2 overlay at 0.1 vvm with respect tothe batch volume; the fermentation was stirred with agitation sufficientto achieve a kLa of 1 hr⁻¹. Results are shown in Table 6 below.

TABLE 6 Comparison of Bacterial EMEM and GBS mAS3 Growth PolysaccharideGBS OD₆₀₀ (mg/L) Sero- Bacterial GBS Bacterial GBS type EMEM mAS3 EMEMmAS3 Ia 3.9 8.9 70 750 Ib 3.6 8.3 90 270 II 3.1 9.7 60 190 III 3.7 5.1210 270 IV 3.6 8.2 70 260 V 3.8 9.6 50 220

GBS mAS3 medium showed surprising superiority to the bacterial EMEMmedium in both growth and polysaccharide concentration.

Example 3: Comparison of a Complex Medium to a Defined Medium of theInvention

Modified AS3 medium as described in Example 1 and a soyhydrolysate-based complex medium (BPDv3) were compared for variousserotypes of S. pneumoniae. BPDv3 was composed of 28 g/L HYPEP1510(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), 54 g/L glucose, 3.5 g/L NaCl, 0.7 g/LKH₂PO₄, 0.0182 g/L CaCl₂.2H₂O, 1 g/L MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.84 g/L NaHCO₃, 3 g/Lammonium chloride, 0.25 g/L uridine, 0.25 g/L adenosine, 0.03 g/Lniacinamide, 0.03 g/L pyridoxine HCl, 0.0075 g/L pantothenic acid and0.003 g/L PABA. Medium for serotype 12F was supplemented with 1 g/Lmonosodium glutamate, and medium for serotype 8 was modified to contain0.5 g/L ammonium chloride and 36 g/L glucose. Although polysaccharidetiter was not consistently improved in the Modified AS3medium ascompared to the complex medium, the Modified AS3 medium showed improvedgrowth in almost all serotypes (see Table 7).

TABLE 7 Comparison of Modified R17 Medium and Complex Medium GrowthPolysaccharide (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) S. pneumoniae Modified Modified SerotypeAS3 BPDv3 AS3 BPDv3  8 9.2 5.2 2630 2310 10A 12.9 8.1 790 890 11A 14.87.3 1210 1140 12F 9.4 10.0 910 2130 15B 12.5 7.8 1170 1900 22F 14.4 6.41740 1350 33F 14.4 11.5 2580 3430

Example 4: Amino Acid Consumption

An analysis of amino acid consumption during the course of GBS serotypeIll fermentation was performed to determine if amino acids weredepleted. An analysis of the concentration of amino acids in the GBSmAS3 (as in Example 2) prior to inoculation and at harvest is presentedin Table 8.

TABLE 8 Amino Acid Consumption Initial Harvest Amino Acid (mM) (mM)Alanine 0 0.6 Arginine 3.6 0 Aspartic acid 1.8 1.8 Asparagine 16.7 14.9Cysteine < < Glutamic acid 0.3 1.5 Glutamine 9.8 6.2 Glycine 1.4 0.2Histidine 2.3 2.2 Isoleucine 4.6 4 Leucine 8.6 8 Lysine 9.3 6.2Methionine 2.9 2.6 Phenylalanine 3.4 3.1 Proline 5.1 5.1 Serine 10.8 0Threonine 5.8 6.2 Tryptophan 1.5 1.5 Tyrosine 1.8 1.9 Valine 6.9 6.1

Although predicted required amino acids were not depleted, four aminoacids for which S. agalactiae is presumably prototrophic were. Arginine,glycine, and serine were depleted to less than the limit ofquantification. Cysteine, which is difficult to measure by the HPLCmethod, was not detected at either sample time. All other amino acidswere still in excess at harvest.

The four depleted amino acids were then supplemented to GBS mAS3 mediumin fermentation of various GBS serotypes at 4× concentration withrespect to the basic powder R17 formulation (16 mM arg, 1.6 mM cys, 6 mMgly, and 40 mM ser). Results are shown in Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 Comparison of GBS mAS3 and GBS mAS3 Supplemented with DepletedAmino Acids Growth Polysaccharide (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) GBS Supple- Supple-Sero- GBS mented GBS mented type mAS3 CGRS mAS3 CGRS Ia 9.6 10.0 670 430Ib 9.0 17.8 230 360 II 8.6 13.9 110 140 III 5.1 10.8 260 340 IV 7.4 10.7330 270 V 9.4 16.4 140 210

A significant improvement in growth was observed in all six serotypestested with supplemented CGRS medium. Although the polysaccharide titersdid not increase for all serotypes, the growth improvement encouragedfurther testing.

Example 5: Further Analysis of Depleted Amino Acids

The importance of each of the depleted amino acid to the improvement ingrowth was assessed in an experiment in which each of the four wassequentially deleted from the medium using GBS serotype V as a model.Glycine was unexpectedly found to be the sole contributor to improvedgrowth (see Table 10).

TABLE 10 Sequential Deletion of Supplemented Amino Acids Amino AcidsGrowth Polysaccharide Added (OD600) (mg/L) None 9.7 240 CGRS 15.2 330GRS 15.6 330 CRS 9.6 200 CGS 14.4 350 CGRS 15.1 360

This was confirmed in a follow up study in which each of the four aminoacids were supplemented individually, again using GBS serotype V as amodel. The study confirmed that glycine was the only amino acid of thefour depleted amino acids that improved growth and polysaccharideproduction (see Table 11).

TABLE 11 Supplementation of Individual Amino Acids Amino Acid(s) GrowthPolysaccharide Added (OD600) (mg/L) None 9.7 240 CGRS 15.2 330 G only13.1 440 A only 8.8 280 C only 9.0 310 S only 9.3 280

The importance of the added glycine as a sole supplement was then testedin several GBS serotypes. Performance in GBS mAS3, GBS mAS3 supplementedwith all four amino acids, and GBS mAS3 supplemented with only glycinewas compared. Results are shown in Table 12 below.

TABLE 12 Comparison of GBS mAS3, GBS mAS3 Supplemented with All FourAmino Acids, and GBS mAS3 Supplemented with Only Glycine GrowthPolysaccharide (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) GBS Supple- Supple- Sero- GBS mented GBSmented type mAS3 CGRS Glycine mAS3 CGRS Glycine Ia 9.6 10.0 12.1 670 430850 Ib 9.0 17.8 11.1 230 360 480 II 8.6 13.9 12.1 110 140 403 III 5.110.8 10.1 260 340 569 IV 7.4 10.7 10.9 330 270 530 V 9.4 16.4 15.7 140210 290

In general, sole supplementation with glycine was sufficient to improvegrowth in a manner about equivalent to supplementation with all fouramino acids. However, sole supplementation with glycine surprisinglyproduced higher polysaccharide titer than GBS mAS3 and supplementationwith all four amino acids.

Example 6: Comparison of Glycine Concentrations

In view of the unexpectedly high production of polysaccharides with theaddition of glycine alone, an experiment was conducted to determine ifthe maximal growth and polysaccharide titer was obtained with theaddition of 6 mM glycine to the GBS mAS3 formulation. The experimentcompared the addition of from 0.15 mM to 123.2 mM glycine using GBSserotype V as a model. The data in Table 13 below show the addition ofas little as 1.5 mM glycine or as much as 61.6 mM supports the sameimprovement in polysaccharide titer as seen with the addition of 6 mMglycine.

TABLE 13 Comparison of Glycine Concentrations Glycine ConcentrationGrowth Polysaccharide (mM) (OD600) (mg/L) 0 11.6 334 0.15 11.9 356 1.516.1 446 3.1 18.5 521 6.2 19.6 455 15.4 18.4 421 30.8 18.5 396 61.6 19.5381 123.2 0 0

Example 7: Determining Nonessential Components of the GBS mAS3 Medium

The GBS mAS3 formulation and its glycine containing derivatives inExample 56 contained 80 g/L glucose to assure that the carbon sourcewould be in excess throughout and at the end of the fermentation. Ingeneral, when growth and polysaccharide production had ceased, about 30g/L glucose remained unconsumed (data not shown). Therefore, anexperiment was conducted to determine if a more efficient medium couldbe achieved. Glycine-supplemented GBS mAS3 media with glucoseconcentrations of 80 g/L, 70 g/L, 60 g/L, and 50 g/L were tested withGBS serotype V as a model. The data in Table 14 below show that aglucose concentration of 50 g/L leaves no residual glucose but also doesnot compromise polysaccharide titer.

TABLE 14 Comparison of Glucose Concentrations Batched GrowthPolysaccharide Residual Glucose Glucose (g/L) (OD600) (mg/L) (g/L) 8017.6 410 28 70 18.2 420 17 60 18.8 430 10 50 19.4 420 0

Similarly, the importance of all amino acids and salts added to the R17powder was examined by omitting each, one at a time, in a drop outexperiment. The work was performed with GBS serotype V inglycine-supplemented GBS mAS3 medium. The data in Table 15 belowindicate that tyrosine, glutamine, and cysteine are essential forgrowth, whereas asparagine is not, and all salts are nonessential.

TABLE 15 Drop Out of Amino Acids and Salts Component GrowthPolysaccharide Deleted (OD600) (mg/L) None 12.7 570 Asn 12.5 600 Gln 1.040 Tyr 0.2 10 Cys 6.2 290 None 13.2 510 Magnesium 13.5 540 sulfateFerrous sulfate 12.3 510 Trace elements 13.1 500 E Sodium chloride 13.1520

Example 8: Consumption of Vitamins and Salts/Trace Elements

An assessment of residual vitamins and salts/trace elements versusstarting concentrations was done in glycine-supplemented GBS mAS3 mediausing GBS serotype III as a model. A total of 13 vitamins were examined:biotin, choline cyanocobalamin, folic acid, niacin, niacinamide,nicotinamide, p-aminobenzoic acid, panthotenic acid, pyridoxal,pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamine. Twelve showed nosignificant change in concentration during fermentation. Niacinamide wasfound to be depleted to zero during the course of the fermentation, butan accompanying accumulation of niacin would indicate that this vitaminfamily is not depleted (data not shown).

Thirty-two salts and trace elements were analyzed. Eighteen of thesewere below the limits of detection. Those 18 are as follows: silver,aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury,lithium, manganese, nickel, lead, rubidium, selenium, tin, titanium,thallium, and vanadium. Of the 14 detectable salts and trace elements,12 showed no substantial decline in concentration from initialinoculation of the medium to after harvest (see Table 16). Phosphorousand potassium were the two that showed a decline in concentration. Thedecline in phosphorous concentration was expected as it is consumed forcell growth, but it was not growth limiting since it remained in excessat harvest. The decline in potassium concentration, however, wasunexpected.

TABLE 16 Salts and Trace Elements Consumption Initial Harvest (mg/L)(mg/L) Boron 1.5 1.6 Barium 4.4 4.0 Calcium 36.1 23.4 Cobalt 0.9 0.8Iron 0.8 0.7 Potassium 292.0 22.0 Magnesium 138.0 121.0 Molybdenum 0.10.1 Sodium 1134.0 10851.0 Phosphorous 159.0 44.0 Sulfur 303.0 349.0Silicon 0.0 1.9 Strontium 0.1 0.1 Zinc 4.1 4.4

The data provoked two studies in which the effect of adding anadditional 2-fold amount of potassium chloride (0.6 g/L additional tothe 0.31 g/L R17 powder) to the glycine-supplemented GBS mAS3 media inthe fermentation of GBS serotype III was examined. The results shown inTable 17 indicate that the increase in KCl concentration was beneficialfor polysaccharide titer in a growth independent fashion.

TABLE 17 Supplementation with KCl KCl concentration GrowthPolysaccharide Study # (g/L) (OD600) (mg/L) 1 0.31 11.4 434 0.91 11.2594 2 0.31 10.6 612 0.91 12.2 755

An additional study examined a fuller range of KCl concentrations (from0.03 g/L to 24 g/L) additional to the 0.31 g/I KCl contained in the R17basal powder) for their effect on growth and polysaccharide synthesis.The results are shown in Table 18 which indicate KCl concentrations offrom 0.3 to 24 g/L additional to R17 powder confer improved growth andpolysaccharide production.

TABLE 18 Supplementation of Glycine-Containing R17 with a Range of KClConcentrations Additional KCl Growth Polysaccharide added (g/L) (OD600)(mg/L) 0 12.3 308 0.03 15.3 347 0.3 17.8 382 0.6 18.2 387 1.2 19.5 4063.0 19.7 402 17.0 19.7 432 12.0 17.1 370 24.0 17.9 382

Example 9: Formulation of mAS3opt50 Medium

A medium was configured to incorporate the increases in glycine and KCl,decrease in glucose concentration, and omission of magnesium,asparagine, and NaCl (“mAS3opt50”) in GBS mAS3 medium. The newformulation was tested in comparison to GBS mAS3 medium for six GBSserotypes. As shown in Table 19, the reformulated medium affordssubstantially improved growth and concomitant polysaccharide titers.

TABLE 19 Comparison of GBS mAS3 and mAS3opt50 Polysaccharide Growth(OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) GBS GBS GBS Serotype mAS3 mAS3opt50 mAS3 mAS3opt50 Ia 8.918.6 750 930 Ib 8.3 19.3 270 560 II 9.7 17.0 190 440 III 5.1 13.9 270750 IV 8.2 10.4 260 360 V 9.6 18.0 220 390

Example 10: Contribution of Glycine and KCl to Polysaccharide Yield inmAS3opt50

A drop out approach was used to demonstrate the importance of theglycine and KCl supplementation to polysaccharide yield in the mAS3opt50medium. The data shown in Table 20 clearly indicates that each isimportant in supporting high yield.

TABLE 20 Drop Out of Glycine and KCl in mAS3opt50 GBS GrowthPolysaccharide Sero- (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) type mAS3opt50 -glycine -KClmAS3opt50 -glycine -KCl Ia 18.6 13.2 15.6 930 780 840 Ib 17.5 8.4 12.2580 300 440 II 12.9 8.8 12.3 375 206 311 III 13.5 10.5 12.1 770 400 550IV 9.3 8.7 11.5 375 305 331 V 19.3 10.4 13.9 428 265 328

Example 11: Comparison of mAS3opt50 to Complex Medium and Complex MediumSupplemented with Yeast Extract

The starting complex medium (“HP”) was a soy hydrolysate-basedformulation: 28 g/L HYPEP 1510 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), 3.5 g/LNaCl, 0.7 g/L KH₂PO₄, 0.0182 g/L CaCl₂.2H₂O, 1 g/L MgSO₄.7H₂O, 0.84 g/LNaHCO₃, and 80 g/L glucose. A fermentation of six GBS serotypes in thismedium gave growth and titers that were substantially lower than inmAS3opt50. Therefore, HP was supplemented with 10 g/L AMBERFERM 5902(Sensient Technologies Corp.) (“HPYE”), an ultrafiltered yeast extract.The HPYE medium had substantially improved cell density andpolysaccharide titers compared to the HP medium. While HPYE showedincreased growth in almost all serotypes compared to mAS3opt50, thepolysaccharide titers were somewhat less in the HPYE media. All data areshown in Table 21 below.

TABLE 21 Comparison of mAS3opt50 to Complex Medium and Complex MediumSupplemented with Yeast GBS Growth Polysaccharide Sero- (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L)type mAS3opt50 HP HPYE mAS3opt50 HP HPYE Ia 18.6 9.8 17.9 930 410 770 Ib19.3 8.1 22.7 560 120 460 II 17.0 13.1 19.1 440 150 230 III 13.9 11.419.3 750 440 630 IV 10.4 18.4 16.5 360 120 280 V 18.0 11.6 20.5 390 170390

Example 12: Titration of Yeast Extract in Complex Medium

A titration was performed to determine the concentration of yeastextract supplementation to confer optimal growth and polysaccharideproduction. GBS serotype V was used as a model to gauge the effect ofyeast extract supplementation with AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient TechnologiesCorp.) at 0 g/L, 2.5 g/L, 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 20 g/L and 40 g/L. As shown inTable 22, the data indicated that supplementation with as little as 2.5g/L yeast was sufficient to stimulate growth and production of capsularpolysaccharide. However, the optimum concentration of yeast extractsupplementation was 10 g/L because the addition of greater amountsconferred no additional benefit.

TABLE 22 Effect of Yeast Extract Titration on Growth and PolysaccharideProduction in Complex Medium Yeast extract Growth Polysaccharideconcentration (g/L) (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) 0 10.9 64 2.5 18.0 259 5.0 19.6 29110.0 20.4 320 20.0 20.7 282 40.0 23.5 279

Example 13: Yeast Extract Supplementation of Defined Media

Given the positive impact of supplementation with yeast extract onpolysaccharide titer in the complex medium, experiments that examinedsupplementation of GBS mAS3 with AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient TechnologiesCorp.) was performed. GBS mAS3 supplemented with the ultrafiltered yeastextract (“R17YE”) was compared to GBS mAS3 and mAS3opt50. Yeast extractsupplementation of R17 dramatically improved polysaccharide titercompared to both GBS mAS3 and mAS3opt50 (see Table 23).

TABLE 23 Comparison of Yeast Extract-Supplemented GBS mAS3, GBS mAS3,and mAS3opt50 Growth Polysaccharide GBS (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) Sero- GBS GBStype mAS3 R17YE mAS3opt50 mAS3 R17YE mAS3opt50 Ia 8.9 20.0 18.6 750 750930 Ib 8.3 18.8 19.3 270 690 560 II 9.7 18.2 17.0 190 350 440 III 5.116.5 13.9 270 750 750 IV 8.2 16.2 10.4 260 560 360 V 9.6 18.8 18.0 220470 390

A study was then performed to compare supplementation with varyingconcentrations of ultrafiltered yeast extract to supplementation withvarying concentrations of a commercially available “synthetic” yeastextract from BD Biosciences (BD RECHARGE). GBS serotype V was used as amodel. The data shown in Table 24 indicates that, although 20 g/L yeastextract (either ultrafiltered or synthetic) confers an improvement ingrowth, there is no corresponding increase in polysaccharide titer.Supplementation with the synthetic yeast extract improves growth overGBS mAS3 control, but does not confer the maximum titer that is achievedwith the ultrafiltered yeast extract.

TABLE 24 Comparison of Varying Concentrations of Ultrafiltered YeastExtract and Synthetic Yeast Extract GBS mAS3 Growth PolysaccharideSupplementation (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) None 9.8 240 5 g/L AMBERFERM 15.5 4405902 10 g/L AMBERFERM 18.1 470 5902 20 g/L AMBERFERM 26.2 480 5902 10g/L BD 18.0 320 RECHARGE 20 g/L BD 19.2 320 RECHARGE

Example 14: Analysis of Constant Glucose Feed Fermentation

A constant glucose feed was examined for its effect in supportingpolysaccharide titers with the mAS3opt50 media using various GBSserotypes as a model. A comparison of batching 50 g/L glucose andglucose-fed fermentations (10 g/L glucose batched and the remaining 40g/L fed at a constant rate over the course of 7 hours beginning at 3-4hours of EFT) indicated that comparable growth and polysaccharide titerswere achieved across all serotypes (see Table 25). The fermentationcontrol parameters were otherwise those presented in Example 2.

TABLE 25 Glucose Fed-Batch Fermentation with mAS3opt50 MediaPolysaccharide GBS Growth OD₆₀₀ (mg/L) Serotype Batch Feed Batch Feed Ia11.0 13.5 610 790 Ib 15.3 17.6 530 460 II 15.1 14.4 270 300 III 11.713.2 590 660 IV 9.7 9.3 330 340 V 15.2 15.0 280 360

Example 15: Glucose Fed-Batch Fermentation with HPYE and GBS mAS3 Media

Fed-batch fermentation was also examined for HPYE and GBS mAS3 mediausing GBS serotype V as a model. The fermentation was initiated with 10g/L glucose batched, and then 70 g/L glucose was fed over the course of5 hours after 3-4 hours of EFT. The fermentation was otherwiseformulated as in Example 2. The data presented in Table 26 indicatesthat the fed-batch approach gives˜equivalent productivity for GBS mAS3versus the batch approach. The fed approach supports polysaccharideproduction in HPYE, but at a somewhat lower productivity than batch.

TABLE 26 Comparison of Growth and Polysaccharide Production of SerotypeV in Batch and Glucose Fed-Batch in mAS3opt50, HPYE and GBS mAS3 MediaGrowth Polysaccharide (OD₆₀₀) (mg/L) Basal medium Batch Fed Batch FedmAS3opt50 15.1 15.0 280 360 HPYE 19.8 23.4 390 334 GBS mAS3 9.7 10.1 175182

Example 16: Perfusion Fermentation

Perfusion experiments using the Modified AS3 medium described in Example1 were performed on 13 serotypes of S. pneumoniae. The medium wasinoculated and run in batch mode in a 2 L bioreactor for about 4-10hours until the OD₆₀₀ reached 3-7. The culture was then circulatedthrough a perfusion system where spent medium and waste products wereremoved and the culture volume was maintained by the introduction offresh medium. The perfusion began at an initial rate of 0.13 VVH andgradually ramped to 0.80 VVH over the course of 3-5 hours, at whichpoint the perfusion batch was ended. The data, shown in Table 27 below,indicates a significant increase in biomass levels with a correspondingincrease in polysaccharide produced compared to batch fermentation inExample 1.

TABLE 27 S. pneumoniae Growth and Polysaccharide Production in PerfusionFermentation Compared to Batch Fermentation Perfusion Batch GrowthPolysaccharide Growth Polysaccharide Serotype OD600 (g/L) OD600 (g/L)  136 3.4 9.1 1.38  3 20 2.4 11.5 3.19  4 51 2.4 9.5 0.50  5 32 2.7 7.50.40  6A 42 5.3 6.6 1.10  6B 30 3.5 6.0 2.00  7F 51 5.6 8.0 0.70  9V 375.1 7.4 0.54 14 30 2.2 6.8 1.10 18C 35.5 5.5 7.0 0.97 19A 26 4.9 5.02.40 19F 55 5.4 5.5 0.86 23F 37 4.4 6.5 1.10

Example 17: Comparison of Perfusion and Batch Fermentation Methods inThree Different Media

Perfusion experiments using GBS mAS3 or HPYE as the basal media wereperformed. A 1× medium (containing 0.5× glucose) was inoculated and runin batch mode (5L working volume) for about 3 hours. When the ODapproached 1-5 OD, perfusion with 0.5× medium began at an initial rateof 0.13 VVH for approximately one hour. The rate was ramped to 1.20 VVHover the course of 6-7 hours at which point the perfusion batch wasended. The data for GBS mAS3 perfusion, shown in Table 28 below,indicates an approximate 1.4-2 fold increase in cell density over batchmode, with a concomitant increase in polysaccharide titer.

TABLE 28 Polysaccharide GBS Growth OD₆₀₀ (mg/L) Serotype Batch PerfusionBatch Perfusion Ia 18.6 25.6 930 1300 Ib 19.3 41.6 560 740 II 17.0 27.7440 860 III 13.9 32.3 750 1770 IV 8.2 ND 260 ND V 18.0 28.1 390 730 *ND= Test not done.

The data for perfusion based on the HPYE complex medium is shown inTable 29 below. In general, perfusion resulted in a greater than 2-foldincrease in cell density over batch and a 2 to 3.5-fold improvement inpolysaccharide titer.

TABLE 29 Polysaccharide GBS Growth OD₆₀₀ (mg/L) Serotype Batch PerfusionBatch Perfusion Ia 17.9 50.6 770 1940 Ib 22.7 27.9 460 1100 II 19.1 44.0230 820 III 19.3 39.7 630 1150 IV 16.5 ND 280 ND V 20.5 50.0 390 680 *ND= Test not done.

A perfusion in a mAS3opt50-based medium was similarly performed usingserotype IV as a model. The harvest OD600 obtained was 16.7;polysaccharide production was 667 mg/L. By comparison, mAS3opt50 batchfermentation presented in Example 8 gave a cell density of 10.4 and apolysaccharide production value of 360 mg/L, evidencing a ˜1.9-foldproductivity improvement.

In summary, the perfusion fermentation resulted in about a 2-fold orbetter polysaccharide productivity increase over batch performance inall three media employed.

Aspects of the Invention

The following clauses describe additional embodiments of the invention:

C1. A polysaccharide-producing bacterial cell culture medium comprisinga vegetable hydrolysate, a yeast extract, and a carbon source.C2. The medium of C1, wherein the vegetable hydrolysate is a soyhydrolysate.C3. The medium of C2, wherein the soy hydrolysate is selected from thegroup consisting of HYPEP 1510 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYPEP 4601(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYPEP 5603 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),HY-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), AMI-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),N-Z-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY BL4 (Kerry Group ServicesLtd.), N-Z-SOY BL7 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), SHEFTONE D (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), SE50M, SE50MK, soy peptone, BACTO soytone (DifcoLaboratories Inc.), NUTRISOY 2207 (ADM), NUTRISOY (ADM), NUTRISOY flour(ADM), and soybean meal.C4. The medium of C3, wherein the soy hydrolysate is HYPEP 1510 (KerryGroup Services Ltd.).C5. The medium of any one of C1-C4, wherein the concentration of thevegetable hydrolysate is between about 5 g/L and about 75 g/L.C6. The medium of C5, wherein the concentration of the vegetablehydrolysate is between about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L.C7. The medium of C6, wherein the concentration of the vegetablehydrolysate is about 28 g/L.C8. The medium of any one of C1-C7, wherein the yeast extract is a yeastautolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract, or a synthetic yeastextract.C9. The medium of C8, wherein the yeast extract is an ultrafilteredyeast extract.C10. The medium of C9, wherein the ultrafiltered yeast extract isAMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient Technologies Corp.), BD DIFCO (BD Biosciences),HYPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), ULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group ServicesLtd.), HY-YEST 412 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 441 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HY-YEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 455(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), or HY-YEST 504 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.).C11. The medium of any one of C1-C10, wherein the concentration of yeastextract is between about 1 g/L to about 50 g/L.C12. The medium of C11, wherein the concentration of yeast extract isbetween about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L.C13. The medium of C12, wherein the concentration of yeast extract isabout 10 g/L.C14. The medium of any one of C1-C13, wherein the carbon source isselected from the group consisting of glucose, dextrose, mannitol,lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, raffinose, xylose, and mannose.C15. The medium of C14, wherein the carbon source is glucose.C16. The medium of any one of C1-C15, wherein the concentration of thecarbon source is between about 25 g/L to about 100 g/L.C17. The medium of C16, wherein the concentration of the carbon sourceis between about 50 g/L to about 90 g/L.C18. The medium of C17, wherein the concentration of the carbon sourceis about 80 g/L.C19. The medium of any one of C1-C18, wherein the medium comprises soyhydrolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract, and glucose.C20. The medium of any one of C1-C19, wherein the medium furthercomprises a phosphate-containing ingredient.C21. The medium of C20, wherein the phosphate-containing ingredient isNa₂HPO₄, K₂HPO₄, or KH₂PO₄.C22. The medium of any one of C1-C21, wherein the medium furthercomprises at least one amino acid, vitamin, nucleoside, or inorganicsalt.C23. A polysaccharide-producing bacterial cell culture medium having atotal amino acid concentration greater than about 50 mM.C24. The medium of C23, wherein the medium comprises a total glycineconcentration of between about 1.5 mM and about 60.0 mM.C25. The medium of C24, wherein the total glycine concentration isbetween about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM.C26. The medium of C25, wherein the total glycine concentration is about7.5 mM.C27. The medium of any one of C23-26, wherein the medium comprises atotal arginine concentration of between about 1.0 mM and about 30.0 mM.C28. The medium of C27, wherein the total arginine concentration isbetween about 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM.C29. The medium of C28, wherein the total arginine concentration isabout 4.0 mM.C30. The medium of any one of C23-C29, wherein the medium comprises atotal cysteine concentration of between about 0.1 mM and about 5.0 mM.C31. The medium of C30, wherein the total cysteine concentration isbetween about 0.1 mM and about 3.5 mM.C32. The medium of C31, wherein the total cysteine concentration isabout 0.4 mM.C33. The medium of any one of C23-C32, wherein the medium comprises atotal serine concentration of between about 5.0 mM and about 75.0 mM.C34. The medium of C33, wherein the total serine concentration isbetween about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM.C35. The medium of C34, wherein the total serine concentration is about7.5 mM, or about 10 mM.C36. The medium of any one of C23-C35, wherein the medium comprises atotal glutamine concentration of between about 1.0 mM and about 30.0 mM.C37. The medium of C36, wherein the total glutamine concentration isbetween about 1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM.C38. The medium of C37, wherein the total glutamine concentration isabout 4.0 mM.C39. The medium of any one of C23-C38, wherein the medium comprises atotal concentration of tyrosine of between about 0.1 mM and about 5.0mM.C40. The medium of C39, wherein the total tyrosine concentration isbetween about 1.0 mM and about 3.5 mM.C41. The medium of C40, wherein the total tyrosine concentration isabout 2.9 mM or about 3.0 mM.C42. The medium of any one of C23-C41, wherein the medium comprises atotal concentration of asparagine of between about 5.0 mM and about 50.0mM.C43. The medium of C42, wherein the total asparagine concentration isbetween about 10.0 mM and about 30.0 mM.C44. The medium of C43, wherein the total asparagine concentration isabout 20.0 mM.C45. The medium of any one of C23-C41, wherein the medium does notcontain asparagine.C46. The medium of any one of C23-C45, wherein the medium furthercomprises a potassium salt.C47. The medium of C46, wherein the potassium salt is potassium chlorideor potassium sulfate.C48. The medium of C46 or C47, wherein the total concentration ofpotassium salt is between about 0.1 g/L and about 25 g/L.C49. The medium of C48, wherein the total potassium salt concentrationis between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L.C50. The medium of C49, wherein the total potassium salt concentrationis about 0.9 g/L.C51. The medium of any one of C23-050, wherein the medium furthercomprises a carbon source.C52. The medium of C51, wherein the carbon sources is selected from thegroup consisting of glucose, dextrose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose,fructose, galactose, raffinose, xylose, and mannose.C53. The medium of C52, wherein the carbon sources is glucose.C54. The medium of any one of C51-053, wherein medium comprises a totalconcentration of the carbon source of between about 25 g/L and about 100g/L.C55. The medium of C54, wherein the total concentration of the carbonsource is between about 25 g/L and about 80 g/L.C56. The medium of C55, wherein the total concentration of the carbonsource is about 50 g/L.C57. The medium of any one of C23-056, wherein the medium furthercomprises sodium bicarbonate.C58. The medium of C57, wherein the medium comprises a concentration ofsodium bicarbonate of between about 0.1 g/L and about 20 g/L.C59. The medium of C58, wherein the concentration of sodium bicarbonateis between about 0.5 g/L and about 1.0 g/L.C60. The medium of C59, wherein the concentration of sodium bicarbonateis about 0.84 g/L.C61. The medium of any one of C23-C60, wherein the medium furthercomprises a yeast extract.C62. The medium of C61, wherein the yeast extract is selected from thegroup consisting of a yeast autolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract,and a synthetic yeast extract.C63. The medium of C62, wherein the yeast extract is an ultrafilteredyeast extract.C64. The medium of C63, wherein the ultrafiltered yeast extract isAMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient Technologies Corp.), BD DIFCO (BD Biosciences),HYPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), ULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group ServicesLtd.), HY-YEST 412 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 441 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HY-YEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 455(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), or HY-YEST 504 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.).C65. The medium of any one of C61-C64, wherein the concentration ofyeast extract is between about 1 g/L to about 50 g/L.C66. The medium of C65, wherein the concentration of yeast extract isbetween about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L.C67. The medium of C66, wherein the concentration of yeast extract isabout 10 g/L.C68. The medium of any one of C23-C67, wherein the medium comprises atleast about 50 mM of amino acids, a potassium salt, a carbon source, andoptionally, a yeast extract.C69. The medium of C68, wherein the medium comprises at least about 50mM of amino acids, between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM of glycine,between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L of a potassium salt, betweenabout 25 g/L and about 80 g/L of a carbon source, and between about 5g/L to about 25 g/L of a yeast extract.C70. The medium of C69, wherein the medium comprises at least about 60mM of amino acids, about 7.5 mM of glycine, about 0.9 g/L of potassiumchloride, 50 g/L of glucose, and about 10 g/L of an ultrafiltered yeastextract.C71. A method of cultivating a polysaccharide-producing bacteriacomprising a) adding a medium of any one of C1-C70 to a bioreactor, b)seeding the medium with a polysaccharide-producing bacteria, and c)cultivating the bacteria by fermentation, wherein said cultivationcomprises the addition of a nutrient at a constant rate to the medium.C72. The cultivation method of C71, wherein the nutrient is a carbonsource.C73. The cultivation method of C72, wherein the carbon source isglucose.C74. The cultivation method of any one of C71-C73, wherein thecultivated bacteria have a cell density of at least 9.0.C75. The cultivation method of any one of C71-C74, wherein thecultivated bacteria have a polysaccharide concentration of at leastabout 250 mg/L.C76. The cultivation method of any one of C71-C75, wherein thepolysaccharide-producing bacteria is selected from the group consistingof Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, andEnterococcus faecalis.C77. A method of cultivating a polysaccharide-producing bacteriacomprising a) adding a medium of any one of C1-C70 to a bioreactor, b)seeding the medium with a polysaccharide-producing bacteria, and c)cultivating the bacteria by perfusion, wherein the cultivation comprises(i) removing spent medium from the culture, (ii) adding fresh medium,and (iii) retaining the bacteria.C78. The cultivation method of C77, wherein the rate of perfusion isbetween about 0.07 VVH to about 2.00 VVH.C79. The cultivation method of C78, wherein the rate of perfusion isbetween about 0.67 VVH to about 1.33 VVH.C80. The cultivation method of C79, wherein the rate of perfusion isabout 1.20 VVH.C81. The cultivation method of C77, wherein the rate of perfusion isvaried.C82. The cultivation method of C81, wherein the perfusion starts at afirst rate and the rate is increased to a second rate.C83. The cultivation method of C81, wherein the perfusion starts at afirst rate and the rate is decreased to a second rate.C84. The cultivation method of any one of C77-C83, wherein the durationof perfusion is between about 1 hour and about 15 hours.C85. The cultivation method of C84, wherein the duration of perfusion isbetween about 1 hour and about 10 hours.C86. The cultivation method of C85, wherein the duration of perfusion isabout 7 hours.C87. The cultivation method of any one of C77-C86, wherein the cellgrowth of the cultivated bacteria is at least 2-fold greater than thecell growth in a batch fermentation system.C88. The cultivation method of any one of C77-C87, wherein thecultivated bacteria have reached a cell density of at least 20.0.C89. The cultivation method of any one of C77-C88, wherein thecultivated bacteria have reached a polysaccharide concentration of atleast about 600 mg/L.C90. The cultivation method of any one of C77-C89, wherein wherein thepolysaccharide-producing bacteria is selected from the group consistingof Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, andEnterococcus faecalis.

1. A polysaccharide-producing bacterial cell culture medium comprising avegetable hydrolysate, a yeast extract, and a carbon source.
 2. Themedium of claim 1, wherein the vegetable hydrolysate is a soyhydrolysate.
 3. The medium of claim 2, wherein the soy hydrolysate isselected from the group consisting of HYPEP 1510 (Kerry Group ServicesLtd.), HYPEP 4601 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HYPEP 5603 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HY-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), AMI-SOY (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), N-Z-SOY (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY BL4 (KerryGroup Services Ltd.), N-Z-SOY BL7 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), SHEFTONED (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), SE50M, SE50MK, soy peptone, BACTO soytone(Difco Laboratories Inc.), NUTRISOY 2207 (ADM), NUTRISOY (ADM), NUTRISOYflour (ADM), and soybean meal.
 4. The medium of claim 3, wherein the soyhydrolysate is HYPEP 1510 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.).
 5. The medium ofany one of claims 1-4, wherein the concentration of the vegetablehydrolysate is between about 5 g/L and about 75 g/L.
 6. The medium ofclaim 5, wherein the concentration of the vegetable hydrolysate isbetween about 10 g/L and about 50 g/L.
 7. The medium of claim 6, whereinthe concentration of the vegetable hydrolysate is about 28 g/L.
 8. Themedium of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the yeast extract is a yeastautolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract, or a synthetic yeastextract.
 9. The medium of claim 8, wherein the yeast extract is anultrafiltered yeast extract.
 10. The medium of claim 9, wherein theultrafiltered yeast extract is AMBERFERM 5902 (Sensient TechnologiesCorp.), BD DIFCO (BD Biosciences), HYPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),ULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 412 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), HY-YEST 441 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 444(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 455 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), orHY-YEST 504 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.).
 11. The medium of any one ofclaims 1-10, wherein the concentration of yeast extract is between about1 g/L to about 50 g/L.
 12. The medium of claim 11, wherein theconcentration of yeast extract is between about 5 g/L to about 25 g/L.13. The medium of claim 12, wherein the concentration of yeast extractis about 10 g/L.
 14. The medium of any one of claims 1-13, wherein thecarbon source is selected from the group consisting of glucose,dextrose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, raffinose,xylose, and mannose.
 15. The medium of claim 14, wherein the carbonsource is glucose.
 16. The medium of any one of claims 1-15, wherein theconcentration of the carbon source is between about 25 g/L to about 100g/L.
 17. The medium of claim 16, wherein the concentration of the carbonsource is between about 50 g/L to about 90 g/L.
 18. The medium of claim17, wherein the concentration of the carbon source is about 80 g/L. 19.The medium of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the medium comprises soyhydrolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract, and glucose.
 20. The mediumof any one of claims 1-19, wherein the medium further comprises aphosphate-containing ingredient.
 21. The medium of claim 20, wherein thephosphate-containing ingredient is Na₂HPO₄, K₂HPO₄, or KH₂PO₄.
 22. Themedium of any one of claims 1-21, wherein the medium further comprisesat least one amino acid, vitamin, nucleoside, or inorganic salt.
 23. Apolysaccharide-producing bacterial cell culture medium having a totalamino acid concentration greater than about 50 mM.
 24. The medium ofclaim 23, wherein the medium comprises a total glycine concentration ofbetween about 1.5 mM and about 60.0 mM.
 25. The medium of claim 24,wherein the total glycine concentration is between about 5.0 mM andabout 15.0 mM.
 26. The medium of claim 25, wherein the total glycineconcentration is about 7.5 mM.
 27. The medium of any one of claims23-26, wherein the medium comprises a total arginine concentration ofbetween about 1.0 mM and about 30.0 mM.
 28. The medium of claim 27,wherein the total arginine concentration is between about 1.0 mM andabout 20.0 mM.
 29. The medium of claim 28, wherein the total arginineconcentration is about 4.0 mM.
 30. The medium of any one of claims23-29, wherein the medium comprises a total cysteine concentration ofbetween about 0.1 mM and about 5.0 mM.
 31. The medium of claim 30,wherein the total cysteine concentration is between about 0.1 mM andabout 3.5 mM.
 32. The medium of claim 31, wherein the total cysteineconcentration is about 0.4 mM.
 33. The medium of any one of claims23-32, wherein the medium comprises a total serine concentration ofbetween about 5.0 mM and about 75.0 mM.
 34. The medium of claim 33,wherein the total serine concentration is between about 5.0 mM and about15.0 mM.
 35. The medium of claim 34, wherein the total serineconcentration is about 7.5 mM, or about 10 mM.
 36. The medium of any oneof claims 23-35, wherein the medium comprises a total glutamineconcentration of between about 1.0 mM and about 30.0 mM.
 37. The mediumof claim 36, wherein the total glutamine concentration is between about1.0 mM and about 20.0 mM.
 38. The medium of claim 37, wherein the totalglutamine concentration is about 4.0 mM.
 39. The medium of any one ofclaims 23-38, wherein the medium comprises a total concentration oftyrosine of between about 0.1 mM and about 5.0 mM.
 40. The medium ofclaim 39, wherein the total tyrosine concentration is between about 1.0mM and about 3.5 mM.
 41. The medium of claim 40, wherein the totaltyrosine concentration is about 2.9 mM or about 3.0 mM.
 42. The mediumof any one of claims 23-41, wherein the medium comprises a totalconcentration of asparagine of between about 5.0 mM and about 50.0 mM.43. The medium of claim 42, wherein the total asparagine concentrationis between about 10.0 mM and about 30.0 mM.
 44. The medium of claim 43,wherein the total asparagine concentration is about 20.0 mM.
 45. Themedium of any one of claims 23-41, wherein the medium does not containasparagine.
 46. The medium of any one of claims 23-45, wherein themedium further comprises a potassium salt.
 47. The medium of claim 46,wherein the potassium salt is potassium chloride or potassium sulfate.48. The medium of claim 46 or claim 47, wherein the total concentrationof potassium salt is between about 0.1 g/L and about 25 g/L.
 49. Themedium of claim 48, wherein the total potassium salt concentration isbetween about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L.
 50. The medium of claim 49,wherein the total potassium salt concentration is about 0.9 g/L.
 51. Themedium of any one of claims 23-50, wherein the medium further comprisesa carbon source.
 52. The medium of claim 51, wherein the carbon sourcesis selected from the group consisting of glucose, dextrose, mannitol,lactose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, raffinose, xylose, and mannose.53. The medium of claim 52, wherein the carbon sources is glucose. 54.The medium of any one of claims 51-53, wherein medium comprises a totalconcentration of the carbon source of between about 25 g/L and about 100g/L.
 55. The medium of claim 54, wherein the total concentration of thecarbon source is between about 25 g/L and about 80 g/L.
 56. The mediumof claim 55, wherein the total concentration of the carbon source isabout 50 g/L.
 57. The medium of any one of claims 23-56, wherein themedium further comprises sodium bicarbonate.
 58. The medium of claim 57,wherein the medium comprises a concentration of sodium bicarbonate ofbetween about 0.1 g/L and about 20 g/L.
 59. The medium of claim 58,wherein the concentration of sodium bicarbonate is between about 0.5 g/Land about 1.0 g/L.
 60. The medium of claim 59, wherein the concentrationof sodium bicarbonate is about 0.84 g/L.
 61. The medium of any one ofclaims 23-60, wherein the medium further comprises a yeast extract. 62.The medium of claim 61, wherein the yeast extract is selected from thegroup consisting of a yeast autolysate, an ultrafiltered yeast extract,and a synthetic yeast extract.
 63. The medium of claim 62, wherein theyeast extract is an ultrafiltered yeast extract.
 64. The medium of claim63, wherein the ultrafiltered yeast extract is AMBERFERM 5902 (SensientTechnologies Corp.), BD DIFCO (BD Biosciences), HYPEP YE (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), ULTRAPEP YE (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 412(Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 441 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.),HY-YEST 444 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.), HY-YEST 455 (Kerry GroupServices Ltd.), or HY-YEST 504 (Kerry Group Services Ltd.).
 65. Themedium of any one of claims 61-64, wherein the concentration of yeastextract is between about 1 g/L to about 50 g/L.
 66. The medium of claim65, wherein the concentration of yeast extract is between about 5 g/L toabout 25 g/L.
 67. The medium of claim 66, wherein the concentration ofyeast extract is about 10 g/L.
 68. The medium of any one of claims23-67, wherein the medium comprises at least about 50 mM of amino acids,a potassium salt, a carbon source, and optionally, a yeast extract. 69.The medium of claim 68, wherein the medium comprises at least about 50mM of amino acids, between about 5.0 mM and about 15.0 mM of glycine,between about 0.2 g/L and about 1.25 g/L of a potassium salt, betweenabout 25 g/L and about 80 g/L of a carbon source, and between about 5g/L to about 25 g/L of a yeast extract.
 70. The medium of claim 69,wherein the medium comprises at least about 60 mM of amino acids, about7.5 mM of glycine, about 0.9 g/L of potassium chloride, 50 g/L ofglucose, and about 10 g/L of an ultrafiltered yeast extract.
 71. Amethod of cultivating a polysaccharide-producing bacteria comprising a)adding a medium of any one of claims 1-70 to a bioreactor, b) seedingthe medium with a polysaccharide-producing bacteria, and c) cultivatingthe bacteria by fermentation, wherein said cultivation comprises theaddition of a nutrient at a constant rate to the medium.
 72. Thecultivation method of claim 71, wherein the nutrient is a carbon source.73. The cultivation method of claim 72, wherein the carbon source isglucose.
 74. The cultivation method of any one of claims 71-73, whereinthe cultivated bacteria have a cell density of at least 9.0.
 75. Thecultivation method of any one of claims 71-74, wherein the cultivatedbacteria have a polysaccharide concentration of at least about 250 mg/L.76. The cultivation method of any one of claims 71-75, wherein thepolysaccharide-producing bacteria is selected from the group consistingof Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcusaureus, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi,Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecium, andEnterococcus faecalis.
 77. A method of cultivating apolysaccharide-producing bacteria comprising a) adding a medium of anyone of claims 1-70 to a bioreactor, b) seeding the medium with apolysaccharide-producing bacteria, and c) cultivating the bacteria byperfusion, wherein the cultivation comprises (i) removing spent mediumfrom the culture, (ii) adding fresh medium, and (iii) retaining thebacteria.
 78. The cultivation method of claim 77, wherein the rate ofperfusion is between about 0.07 VVH to about 2.00 VVH.
 79. Thecultivation method of claim 78, wherein the rate of perfusion is betweenabout 0.67 VVH to about 1.33 VVH.
 80. The cultivation method of claim79, wherein the rate of perfusion is about 1.20 VVH.
 81. The cultivationmethod of claim 77, wherein the rate of perfusion is varied.
 82. Thecultivation method of claim 81, wherein the perfusion starts at a firstrate and the rate is increased to a second rate.
 83. The cultivationmethod of claim 81, wherein the perfusion starts at a first rate and therate is decreased to a second rate.
 84. The cultivation method of anyone of claims 77-83, wherein the duration of perfusion is between about1 hour and about 15 hours.
 85. The cultivation method of claim 84,wherein the duration of perfusion is between about 1 hour and about 10hours.
 86. The cultivation method of claim 85, wherein the duration ofperfusion is about 7 hours.
 87. The cultivation method of any one ofclaims 77-86, wherein the cell growth of the cultivated bacteria is atleast 2-fold greater than the cell growth in a batch fermentationsystem.
 88. The cultivation method of any one of claims 77-87, whereinthe cultivated bacteria have reached a cell density of at least 20.0.89. The cultivation method of any one of claims 77-88, wherein thecultivated bacteria have reached a polysaccharide concentration of atleast about 600 mg/L.
 90. The cultivation method of any one of claims77-89, wherein wherein the polysaccharide-producing bacteria is selectedfrom the group consisting of Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcuspneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria meningitidis, Escherichiacoli, Salmonella typhi, Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae,Enterococcus faecium, and Enterococcus faecalis.